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      Retalho supramaleolar de fluxo reverso: aplicações clínicas Translated title: Supramalleolous flap of reverse flow: clinical applications

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          Abstract

          As regiões distais do membro inferior, incluindo o terço inferior da perna e os pés, são áreas muito propensas a perda de partes moles por trauma e lesões tróficas. A posição anterior da tíbia, com sua cobertura pouco espessa e vulnerável, além da grande quantidade de tendões, que não podem permanecer expostos, exigem uma cobertura cutânea rápida e, ao mesmo tempo, complexa. A situação em relação à direção do fluxo sanguíneo, a escassez de ventres musculares para retalhos e pele pouco elástica para retalhos randomizados viáveis complicam esta situação. No passado, retalhos com transferência intermediária foram utilizados; assim como os de perna cruzada, "cross leg", ainda são, com desvantagens importantes: dependem de mais de um tempo cirúrgico, geram muito desconforto ao paciente e nem sempre são eficazes. A microcirurgia tornou-se uma opção que contribui muito para cobertura de lesões neste aspecto, porém, depende de equipe com treinamento e material especializado. As áreas doadoras são maiores, podem causar relativo déficit funcional e utilizam troncos vasculares maiores. Os retalhos fasciocutâneos de fluxo reverso podem contribuir para a cobertura de lesões pequenas e médias nesta localização, com sequelas funcionais e estéticas menores; e menor tempo cirúrgico. Constitui eficiente opção cirúrgica por sua facilidade, segurança e versatilidade. Neste estudo, temos o objetivo demonstrar o retalho supramaleolar de fluxo reverso utilizado em 4 casos, com aplicações em situações diferentes, com resultados satisfatórios de fácil execução e reprodução.

          Translated abstract

          The regions of the distal lower limb, including the 1/3 lower leg and foot areas are very prone to loss of soft tissue for trauma and ulcerations. The anterior position of the tibia, with its coverage slightly thick and vulnerable, besides the large amount of tendons, which can not remain exposed, requiring skin coverage quickly and simultaneously complex. The situation with respect to the direction of blood flow, lack of muscle bellies for flaps and skin flaps for inelastic randomized viable complicates this situation. In the past, with intermediate transfer flaps were used, as the leg cross, are still with major drawbacks: they rely on more than one occasion, generate a lot of discomfort to the patient and are not always effective. Microsurgery has become an option that helps a lot to cover injuries this point, however, depends on the team with training and specialized equipment. Donor areas are larger, can cause functional impairment and use on major vascular trunks. The fasciocutaneous flaps of reverse flow can contribute to the coverage of small and medium lesions in this location, with minor aesthetic damage and functional and less time for surgery. It constitutes effective surgical option for its ease, safety and versatility. In this study we demonstrate supramalleolous flap of reverse flow used in 4 cases, with applications in different situations, with satisfactory results easy and reproduction.

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          Most cited references24

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          The fasciocutaneous flap: its use in soft tissue defects of the lower leg.

          The fasciocutaneous flap is very useful in the repair of soft tissue defects on the lower leg. It is easy to design and construct large flaps that are safe because of the good circulation. The operating time is short for an experienced surgeon and no extra equipment is needed. It is perfectly possible to carry out surgery on the underlying bones at the same time. The postoperative treatment is simple for both the patient and the staff. The surgical technique is described and the results of 23 flaps are critically reviewed.
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            The "Gent" consensus on perforator flap terminology: preliminary definitions.

            Due to its increasing popularity, more and more articles on the use of perforator flaps have been reported in the literature during the past few years. Because the area of perforator flaps is new and rapidly evolving, there are no definitions and standard rules on terminology and nomenclature, which creates confusion when surgeons try to communicate and compare surgical techniques. This article attempts to represent the opinion of a group of pioneers in the field of perforator flap surgery. This consensus was reached after a terminology consensus meeting held during the Fifth International Course on Perforator Flaps in Gent, Belgium, on September 29, 2001. It stipulates not only the definitions of perforator vessels and perforator flaps but also the correct nomenclature for different perforator flaps. The authors believe that this consensus is a foundation that will stimulate further discussion and encourage further refinements in the future.
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              Perforators of the lower leg: analysis of perforator locations and clinical application for pedicled perforator flaps.

              Pedicled perforator flaps in the lower leg enable reconstruction of a variety of local defects without microvascular anastomoses and with minimal donor-site morbidity. This study determined the reliable locations of the lower leg perforators. Twenty lower limbs harvested from fresh cadavers were used. In 15 specimens, colored latex intra-arterial injections were performed followed by dissection in the suprafascial plane; perforators with a diameter greater than 0.5 mm were located with respect to a line between the tips of the medial and lateral malleoli. In five further specimens, intra-arterial injection of a barium sulfate/gelatin mixture was performed and computed tomographic scans were acquired. Cluster analysis was performed to determine the 5-cm intervals where perforators were most commonly encountered within each septum. Perforators were located in discrete intermuscular septa. Those arising from the anterior tibial artery were predominantly encountered within three septa, and those of the peroneal and posterior tibial arteries were found within discrete septa. Reliable perforators were found within three distinct 5-cm intervals: at 4 to 9 cm, 13 to 18 cm, and 21 to 26 cm from the intermalleolar line. The anterior tibial artery perforators clustered in the distal and proximal intervals, those of the peroneal artery in the middle interval, and those of the posterior tibial artery in all three intervals. Reliable perforators from the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries can be found in distinct 5-cm intervals within intermuscular septa. This may aid in the design of pedicled perforator flaps of the lower leg.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbcp
                Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica
                Rev. Bras. Cir. Plást.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1983-5175
                2177-1235
                March 2011
                : 26
                : 1
                : 140-146
                Affiliations
                [02] Uberaba MG orgnameUniversidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro Brasil
                [01] Minas Gerais orgnameSanta Casa de Misericórdia de Passos Brasil
                Article
                S1983-51752011000100025 S1983-5175(11)02600125
                10.1590/S1983-51752011000100025
                e4c8f890-a7f2-4742-bbf0-bd07e528b9dd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2010
                : 15 March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Lower extremity,Ankle injuries,Leg injuries,Surgical flaps,Extremidade inferior,Traumatismos do tornozelo,Traumatismos da perna,Retalhos cirúrgicos

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