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      Bat parasites (Acari, Anoplura, Cestoda, Diptera, Hemiptera, Nematoda, Siphonaptera, Trematoda) in France (1762–2018): a literature review and contribution to a checklist Translated title: Les parasites des Chiroptères (Acari, Anoplura, Cestoda, Diptera, Hemiptera, Nematoda, Siphonaptera, Trematoda) en France (1762–2018) – état des lieux bibliographique et contribution à une liste des espèces

      review-article
      1 , *
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Bibliometry, Chiroptera, Host-parasite associations, Parasite biodiversity

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          Abstract

          This paper is a bibliographical survey of records of bat parasites in France (including Corsica) between 1762 and 2018. In total, 237 scientific publications were analysed. They show that bats are infected with a large diversity of endoparasites and ectoparasites. A total of 113 parasite taxa were identified from 27 host species; in addition, six bats were not identified to the species-level. The helminth fauna of bats comprises three species of Cestoda, 15 of Trematoda, and 13 of Nematoda. Acari parasites include 53 species (in addition to 22 invalid species). Finally, insect parasites comprise 13 species of Diptera (bat flies), 12 of Siphonaptera (fleas), 3 of Hemiptera (bugs), and 1 Anoplura species. Bat taxa reported with parasites were Barbastella barbastellus, Eptesicus serotinus, Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis bechsteinii, M. blythii, M. capaccinii, M. dasycneme, M. daubentonii, M. emarginatus, M. myotis, M. mystacinus, M. nattereri, M. punicus, Nyctalus lasiopterus, N. leisleri, N. noctula, Pipistrellus kuhlii, P. nathusii, P. pipistrellus, Plecotus auritus, P. austriacus, Rhinolophus euryale, R. ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. mehelyi, Tadarida teniotis, Eptesicus sp., Myotis sp., Pipistrellus sp., Plecotus sp., Rhinolophus sp. and the species complex Pipistrellus pipistrellus/kuhlii/nathusii. As regards E. nilssonii, Vespertilio murinus (Particoloured Bat) , M. alcathoe, M. escalerai, P. macrobullaris and P. pygmaeus, no records were found. These published field data originated from 72 of the 96 departments in metropolitan France. The most commonly cited were Ardèche, Ariège, Bouches-du-Rhône, Haute-Savoie, Maine-et-Loire, Moselle, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Pyrénées-Orientales, Sarthe, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.

          Translated abstract

          Cet article est une étude bibliographique des signalements de parasites de chauves-souris en France (y compris la Corse) entre 1762 et 2018. Au total, 237 publications scientifiques ont été analysées. Elles montrent que les chauves-souris sont infectées par une grande diversité d’endoparasites et d’ectoparasites. Un total de 113 taxons parasites ont été identifiés parmi 27 espèces hôtes (en outre, six chauves-souris n’ont pas été identifiées au niveau de l’espèce). La faune helminthique des chauves-souris comprend trois espèces de Cestodes, 15 de Trématodes et 13 de Nématodes. Les Acariens parasites comprennent 53 espèces (en plus de 22 espèces invalides). Enfin, les insectes parasites comprennent 13 espèces de Diptères, 12 de Siphonaptères (puces), 3 d’Hémiptères (punaises) et 1 espèce d’Anoploure. Les taxons de chauves-souris signalés avec des parasites étaient Barbastella barbastellus, Eptesicus serotinus, Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis bechsteinii, M. blythii, M. capaccinii, M. dasycneme, M. daubentonii, M. emarginatus, M. myotis, M. mystacinus, M. nattereri, M. punicus, Nyctalus lasiopterus, N. leisleri, N. noctula, Pipistrellus kuhlii, P. nathusii, P. pipistrellus, Plecotus auritus, P. austriacus, Rhinolophus euryale, R. ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. mehelyi, Tadarida teniotis, Eptesicus sp., Myotis sp., Pipistrellus sp., Plecotus sp., Rhinolophus sp. et le complexe d’espèces cryptiques Pipistrellus pipistrellus/kuhlii/nathusii. Aucun signalement n’a été trouvé pour E. nilssonii, Vespertilio murinus, M. alcathoe, M. escalerai, P. macrobullaris et P. pygmaeus. Ces données de terrain publiées proviennent de 72 des 96 départements de France métropolitaine. Les plus cités sont l’Ardèche, l’Ariège, les Bouches-du-Rhône, la Haute-Savoie, le Maine-et-Loire, la Moselle, la Meurthe-et-Moselle, les Pyrénées-Orientales, la Sarthe, la Haute-Corse et la Corse-du-Sud.

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          Deciphering the bat virome catalog to better understand the ecological diversity of bat viruses and the bat origin of emerging infectious diseases

          Studies have demonstrated that ~60%–80% of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in humans originated from wild life. Bats are natural reservoirs of a large variety of viruses, including many important zoonotic viruses that cause severe diseases in humans and domestic animals. However, the understanding of the viral population and the ecological diversity residing in bat populations is unclear, which complicates the determination of the origins of certain EIDs. Here, using bats as a typical wildlife reservoir model, virome analysis was conducted based on pharyngeal and anal swab samples of 4440 bat individuals of 40 major bat species throughout China. The purpose of this study was to survey the ecological and biological diversities of viruses residing in these bat species, to investigate the presence of potential bat-borne zoonotic viruses and to evaluate the impacts of these viruses on public health. The data obtained in this study revealed an overview of the viral community present in these bat samples. Many novel bat viruses were reported for the first time and some bat viruses closely related to known human or animal pathogens were identified. This genetic evidence provides new clues in the search for the origin or evolution pattern of certain viruses, such as coronaviruses and noroviruses. These data offer meaningful ecological information for predicting and tracing wildlife-originated EIDs.
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            The Host-associations of the lice of mammals

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              Molecular cophylogenetic relationships between European bats and their ectoparasitic mites (Acari, Spinturnicidae).

              Cospeciation between host-parasite species is generally thought to result in mirror-image congruent phylogenies. Incongruence can be explained by mechanisms such as host switching, duplication, failure to speciate and sorting events. To investigate the level of association in the host-parasite relationship between Spinturnicid mites and their bat hosts, we constructed the phylogenetic tree of the genus Spinturnix (Acari, Mesostigmata) and compared it to the host phylogeny. We sequenced 938bp of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA and Cytochrome Oxydase subunit I (COI) genes among eleven morphospecies of Spinturnix collected on 20 European Vespertilionid and Rhinolophid bat species. Phylogenetic reconstruction of hosts and parasites showed statistical evidence for cospeciation and suggested that their evolutionary history involved also failure to speciate events and host switches. The latter seem to be mainly promoted by similar roosting habits of the host. As currently understood, host associations of Spinturnicid mites likely results from a complex interaction between the phylogenetic history of the host and the behaviour and the ecology of both parasite and host.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2020
                17 November 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 61
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Direction Générale Déléguée aux Collections (DGD-C) – Service Recherche, Enseignement, Expertise CP 20 38 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 75005 Paris France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: clement.leger@ 123456mnhn.fr
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4761-2306
                Article
                parasite200035 10.1051/parasite/2020051
                10.1051/parasite/2020051
                7673352
                33206593
                e4cea68c-8146-494f-aa5c-689d8b0f3a4a
                © C. Léger, published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 February 2020
                : 07 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 262, Pages: 42
                Categories
                Review Article

                bibliometry,chiroptera,host-parasite associations,parasite biodiversity

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