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      Sex-specific modulation of circulating growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), a key metabolic regulator, is associated with obesity and diabetes in which sex-specific differences have been reported. Thus, we assessed whether GDF15 could be dependent on sex in diabetes and/or obesity groups.

          Methods

          We measured serum GDF15 levels by ELISA in eight lean women and men ( n = 16), eight women and eight men having obesity ( n = 16), eight women and eight men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 16), and seven women and nine men with both diabetes and obesity ( n = 16). Estimation of the difference in the means of each group was performed by two-way ANOVA. The interdependence of the different variates was addressed by multivariate analysis. Correlations between GDF15 levels and HOMA-IR, HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL were explored by linear regression.

          Results

          Being a woman and having obesity alone or in combination with diabetes decreased GDF15 serum levels (β = −0.47, CI = −0.95, 0.00, P = 0.052; β = −0.45, CI = −0.94, 0.05, P= 0.075). Diabetes independently of metformin treatment and obesity were not predictive of low GDF15 levels (β = 0.10, CI = −0.36, 0.57, P = 0.7). Correlation analysis showed that HOMA-IR (r = 0.45, P = 0.008) and triglycerides (r = 0.41, P = 0.017) were positively correlated and HDL (r = −0.48, P = 0.005) was negatively correlated with GDF15 levels in men.

          Conclusions/interpretation

          GDF15 level was significantly different between men and women, as well as between the groups. Sex and group interaction revealed that being a woman and having obesity alone or in combination with diabetes decreased GDF15 levels.

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          Most cited references31

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          Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.

          The steady-state basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations are determined by their interaction in a feedback loop. A computer-solved model has been used to predict the homeostatic concentrations which arise from varying degrees beta-cell deficiency and insulin resistance. Comparison of a patient's fasting values with the model's predictions allows a quantitative assessment of the contributions of insulin resistance and deficient beta-cell function to the fasting hyperglycaemia (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA). The accuracy and precision of the estimate have been determined by comparison with independent measures of insulin resistance and beta-cell function using hyperglycaemic and euglycaemic clamps and an intravenous glucose tolerance test. The estimate of insulin resistance obtained by homeostasis model assessment correlated with estimates obtained by use of the euglycaemic clamp (Rs = 0.88, p less than 0.0001), the fasting insulin concentration (Rs = 0.81, p less than 0.0001), and the hyperglycaemic clamp, (Rs = 0.69, p less than 0.01). There was no correlation with any aspect of insulin-receptor binding. The estimate of deficient beta-cell function obtained by homeostasis model assessment correlated with that derived using the hyperglycaemic clamp (Rs = 0.61, p less than 0.01) and with the estimate from the intravenous glucose tolerance test (Rs = 0.64, p less than 0.05). The low precision of the estimates from the model (coefficients of variation: 31% for insulin resistance and 32% for beta-cell deficit) limits its use, but the correlation of the model's estimates with patient data accords with the hypothesis that basal glucose and insulin interactions are largely determined by a simple feed back loop.
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            • Abstract: not found
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            Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

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              GDF15: emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Endocr Connect
                Endocr Connect
                EC
                Endocrine Connections
                Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                2049-3614
                13 June 2022
                01 July 2022
                : 11
                : 7
                : e220054
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service of Endocrinology , Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
                [2 ]Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery Division , Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
                [3 ]Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism , Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
                [4 ]Diabetes Center , Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
                [5 ]Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine , Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to K Gariani: karim.gariani@ 123456hcuge.ch
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-3137
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-4785
                Article
                EC-22-0054
                10.1530/EC-22-0054
                9346339
                35700236
                e4e0157e-661f-4d8e-8625-5344e99c0d19
                © The authors

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 June 2022
                : 13 June 2022
                Categories
                Research

                gdf15,diabetes,obesity,sex
                gdf15, diabetes, obesity, sex

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