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      Regulation of Tumor Growth and Metastasis: The Role of Tumor Microenvironment

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          Abstract

          The presence of abnormal cells with malignant potential or neoplastic characteristics is a relatively common phenomenon. The interaction of these abnormal cells with their microenvironment is essential for tumor development, protection from the body’s immune or defence mechanisms, later progression and the development of life-threatening or metastatic disease. The tumor microenvironment is a collective term that includes the tumor’s surrounding and supportive stroma, the different effectors of the immune system, blood platelets, hormones and other humoral factors. A better understanding of the interplay between the tumor cells and its microenvironment can provide efficient tools for cancer management, as well as better prevention, screening and risk assessment protocols.

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          Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis.

          Johanna A. Joyce, Jeffrey W Pollard (2009)
          Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Many of these cells are derived from the bone marrow, particularly the myeloid lineage, and are recruited by cancer cells to enhance their survival, growth, invasion and dissemination. This Review describes experimental data demonstrating the role of the microenvironment in metastasis, identifies areas for future research and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1173 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Distinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments.

            Claire Lewis, Jeffrey W Pollard (2006)
            Macrophages are prominent in the stromal compartment of virtually all types of malignancy. These highly versatile cells respond to the presence of stimuli in different parts of tumors with the release of a distinct repertoire of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes that regulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and/or metastasis. The distinct microenvironments where tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) act include areas of invasion where TAMs promote cancer cell motility, stromal and perivascular areas where TAMs promote metastasis, and avascular and perinecrotic areas where hypoxic TAMs stimulate angiogenesis. This review will discuss the evidence for differential regulation of TAMs in these microenvironments and provide an overview of current attempts to target or use TAMs for therapeutic purposes.
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              Of extracellular matrix, scaffolds, and signaling: tissue architecture regulates development, homeostasis, and cancer.

              Celeste Nelson, Mina Bissell (2006)
              The microenvironment influences gene expression so that the behavior of a cell is largely determined by its interactions with the extracellular matrix, neighboring cells, and soluble local and systemic cues. We describe the essential roles of context and organ structure in directing mammary gland development and differentiated function and in determining the response to oncogenic insults, including mutations. We expand on the concept of "dynamic reciprocity" to present an integrated view of development, cancer, and aging and posit that genes are like the keys on a piano: Although they are essential, it is the context that makes the music.
              Article 0 comments Cited 259 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancer Growth Metastasis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancer Growth Metastasis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Cancer Growth and Metastasis
                Title: Cancer Growth and Metastasis
                Publisher: Libertas Academica
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-0644
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 June 2014
                Volume: 7
                Pages: 9-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada.
                [2 ]Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC.
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
                [4 ]Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: cgm-7-2014-009
                DOI: 10.4137/CGM.S11285
                PMC ID: 4051818
                PubMed ID: 24926201
                SO-VID: e4e724a6-2f2a-4c46-8451-0d8acd029086
                Copyright © © 2014 the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article published under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 3.0 License.

                History
                Date received : 25 February 2014
                Date revision received : 28 April 2014
                Date accepted : 30 April 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: tumor,metastasis,regulation,tumor microenvironment,stroma,immune,platelets,hormones
                Data availability:
                Keywords: tumor, metastasis, regulation, tumor microenvironment, stroma, immune, platelets, hormones

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