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      Visualising the Cardiovascular System of Embryos of Biomedical Model Organisms with High Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM)

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          Abstract

          The article will briefly introduce the high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) technique and will focus on its potential for researching cardiovascular development and remodelling in embryos of biomedical model organisms. It will demonstrate the capacity of HREM for analysing the cardiovascular system of normally developed and genetically or experimentally malformed zebrafish, frog, chick and mouse embryos in the context of the whole specimen and will exemplarily show the possibilities HREM offers for comprehensive visualisation of the vasculature of adult human skin. Finally, it will provide examples of the successful application of HREM for identifying cardiovascular malformations in genetically altered mouse embryos produced in the deciphering the mechanisms of developmental disorders (DMDD) program.

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          A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo

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            Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

            The intent of this review is to provide the clinician with a summary of what is currently known about the contribution of genetics to the origin of congenital heart disease. Techniques are discussed to evaluate children with heart disease for genetic alterations. Many of these techniques are now available on a clinical basis. Information on the genetic and clinical evaluation of children with cardiac disease is presented, and several tables have been constructed to aid the clinician in the assessment of children with different types of heart disease. Genetic algorithms for cardiac defects have been constructed and are available in an appendix. It is anticipated that this summary will update a wide range of medical personnel, including pediatric cardiologists and pediatricians, adult cardiologists, internists, obstetricians, nurses, and thoracic surgeons, about the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease and will encourage an interdisciplinary approach to the child and adult with congenital heart disease.
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              Making or breaking the heart: from lineage determination to morphogenesis.

              The cues governing cardiac cell-fate decisions, cardiac differentiation, and three-dimensional morphogenesis are rapidly being elucidated. Several themes are emerging that are relevant for childhood and adult heart disease and the growing field of stem cell biology. This review will consider our current understanding of cardiac cell-fate determination and cardiogenesis--largely derived from developmental studies in model organisms and human genetic approaches--and examine future implications for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of heart disease in the young and old.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Cardiovasc Dev Dis
                J Cardiovasc Dev Dis
                jcdd
                Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
                MDPI
                2308-3425
                15 December 2018
                December 2018
                : 5
                : 4
                : 58
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Anatomy & MIC, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; barbara.maurer-gesek@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at (B.M.-G.); lukas.reissig@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at (L.F.R.); stefan.geyer@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at (S.H.G.)
                [2 ]The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Fabrice.Prin@ 123456crick.ac.uk (F.P.); rwilson@ 123456ebi.ac.uk (R.W.); tim.mohun@ 123456crick.ac.uk (T.J.M.)
                [3 ]Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; antonella.galli@ 123456abcam.com (A.G.); da1@ 123456sanger.ac.uk (D.J.A.); jacqui.white@ 123456jax.org (J.K.W.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: wolfgang.weninger@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at ; Tel.: +43-1-40160-37560
                Article
                jcdd-05-00058
                10.3390/jcdd5040058
                6306920
                30558275
                e50009a8-d068-4bea-9830-588f952ffbd2
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 November 2018
                : 11 December 2018
                Categories
                Review

                imaging,high resolution episcopic microscopy,hrem,embryo,phenotyping,episcopic,3d,mouse,chick,developmental biology

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