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      Infección de las vías urinarias: prevalencia, sensibilidad antimicrobiana y factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 Translated title: Urinary tract infection: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de infección de vías urinarias, la sensibilidad antimicrobiana y los factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, a 300 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se aplicó ficha de identificación, y se realizó diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico de infección de vías urinarias. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de razón de momios, intervalos de confianza y chi cuadrado, con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 17. Resultados: el porcentaje total de infección de vías urinarias fue de 17 %, y se presentó 12,5 % de bacteriuria asintomática y 38,4 % de bacteriuria sintomática (p= 0,000; OR= 4,38; IC 95 % 2,09-8,99). Se obtuvo una prevalencia de infección de vías urinarias de 6,5 % para hombres y 22,8 % para mujeres (p= 0,000; OR= 4,22; IC 95 % 1,78-11,51). Escherichia coli se aisló en 68,6 %, seguido de Klebsiella spp. en 13,7 %. En relación con la sensibilidad a los antibióticos, E. coli presentó 74,3 % de resistencia a la ciprofloxacina y 68,6 % a la ampicilina. Conclusiones: E. coli y Klebsiella spp. fueron las bacterias de mayor prevalencia, con porcentajes altos de resistencia a la ampicilina y la cefalosporina, 2 de los antimicrobianos mayormente utilizados en estos procesos. De los factores de riesgo analizados, solo el sexo se asoció a infección de vías urinarias en el paciente diabético.

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in 300 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and selected by non-probabilistic sampling. The identification card was used and the clinical and microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infection was performed. The statistical analysis used the SPSS statistical program version 17 through the odds ratio, the confidence intervals and the chi square test. Results: total percentage of urinary tract infection was 17 %, asymptomatic bacteriuria reached 12.5 % and symptomatic 38.4 % (p= 0.000; OR= 4.38; IC 95 % 2.09-8.99). The prevalence of urinary tract infection was 6.5 % for men and 22.8 % for women (p= 0.000; OR= 4.22; IC 95 % 1.78-11.51). Escherichia coli was isolated in 68.6 % of cases, followed by Klebsiella spp. in 13.7 %. Regarding the antimicrobial resistance, E. coli exhibited 74.3 % resistance to ciprofloxacin and 68.6 % to ampicillin. Conclusions: E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were the preponderant bacteria with high percentages of resistance to ampicillin and to cephalosporin, two of the mostly used antimicrobials to control these processes. Sex was the only risk factor associated to urinary tract infection in the diabetic patient.

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          Genital and urinary tract infections in diabetes: impact of pharmacologically-induced glucosuria.

          Predisposition to genital infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from several factors such as glucosuria, adherence of bacteria to the uroepithelium and immune dysfunction. The tendency to develop these infections could be even higher in patients with T2DM treated with the emerging class of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Studies have shown that pharmacologically-induced glucosuria with SGLT2 inhibitors raises the risk of developing genital infections and, to a relatively lesser extent, UTIs. However, a definitive dose relationship of the incidence of these infections with the SGLT2 doses is not evident in the existing data. Therefore, the precise role of glucosuria as a causative factor for these infections is yet to be fully elucidated.
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            Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract pathogens in Canada from 2007 to 2009: CANWARD surveillance study.

            From January 2007 to December 2009, an annual Canadian national surveillance study (CANWARD) tested 2,943 urinary culture pathogens for antimicrobial susceptibilities according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The most frequently isolated urinary pathogens were as follows (number of isolates, percentage of all isolates): Escherichia coli (1,581, 54%), enterococci (410, 14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (274, 9%), Proteus mirabilis (122, 4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (100, 3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (80, 3%). The rates of susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) were 78, 86, 84, and 93%, respectively, for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. aureus. The rates of susceptibility to nitrofurantoin were 96, 97, 33, and 100%, respectively, for E. coli, enterococci, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. The rates of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were 81, 40, 86, 81, 66, and 41%, respectively, for E. coli, enterococci, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. Statistical analysis of resistance rates (resistant plus intermediate isolates) by year for E. coli over the 3-year study period demonstrated that increased resistance rates occurred only for amoxicillin-clavulanate (from 1.8 to 6.6%; P < 0.001) and for SXT (from 18.6 to 24.3%; P = 0.02). For isolates of E. coli, in a multivariate logistic regression model, hospital location was independently associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.026) with higher rates of resistance observed in inpatient areas (medical, surgical, and intensive care unit wards). Increased age was also associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin (P < 0.001) and with resistance to two or more commonly prescribed oral agents (amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and SXT) (P = 0.005). We conclude that frequently prescribed empirical agents for urinary tract infections, such as SXT and ciprofloxacin, demonstrate lowered in vitro susceptibilities when tested against recent clinical isolates.
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              Prevalence of urinary tract infection and risk factors among Saudi patients with diabetes.

              The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and its risk factors among Saudi diabetics. A total of 1,000 diabetic patients were included. Patients were interviewed and examined at each visit every 6 months. The prevalence of UTI was 25.3 % in total diabetic population and 7.2 and 41.1 % in males and females, respectively. Females have highest risk of UTI (RR = 6.102; CI = 4.343-8.573; P < 0.001). Age, duration of diabetes and HbA1c did not influence the incidence of UTI, while BMI above 30 kg/m(2) increased the risk (RR = 1.722; CI = 1.532-1.935; P < 0.001). The incidence of UTI in both type 1 and 2 diabetics was similar (23.7 and 25.6 %). There was no significant risk in patients aged above 60 years (RR = 1.054; CI = 0.841-1.321; P = 0.651). The risk factors found to be associated with UTI were hypertension (RR = 1.202; CI = 1.061-1.361; P = 0.006), insulin therapy (RR = 1.411; CI = 1.262-1.578; P < 0.001) and nephropathy (microalbuminuria) (RR = 1.417; CI = 1.036-1.939; P = 0.031). The present study has shown that prevalence of UTI is more in diabetic females and diabetics with BMI above 30 kg/m(2). The other risk factors associated with UTI in general diabetic population were found to be microalbuminuria, hypertension and insulin therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
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                Revista Cubana de Endocrinología
                Rev Cubana Endocrinol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-2953
                August 2014
                : 25
                : 2
                : 57-65
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México
                [2 ] Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para Trabajadores del Estado México
                Article
                S1561-29532014000200003
                e50e04cc-d130-4a96-ae8b-50e6a900782e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1561-2953&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                urinary tract infection,diabetes mellitus,risk factor,symptomatic bacteriuria,asymptomatic bacteriuria,infección de vías urinarias,factores de riesgo,bacteriuria sintomática,bacteriuria asintomática

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