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      Parapoxvirus causes a deleterious disease in red squirrels associated with UK population declines

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          Abstract

          The disease implications of novel pathogens need to be considered when investigating the ecological impact of species translocations on native fauna. Traditional explanations based on competition or predation may often not be the whole story. Evidence suggests that an emerging infectious disease, caused by a parapoxvirus, may be a significant component of the impact that the introduced grey squirrel has had on UK red squirrel populations. Here we validate the potential role of parapoxvirus by proving that the virus is highly pathogenic in the red squirrel while having no detectable effect on grey squirrel health.

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          Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife--threats to biodiversity and human health.

          P. DASZAK, A. A. Cunningham, A Hyatt (2000)
          Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with "spill-over" from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity.
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            Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America

            L. Berger, R Speare, P. Daszak … (1998)
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              Emerging marine diseases--climate links and anthropogenic factors.

              J. Porter, Gary J. Burkholder, Mackenzie Hofmann … (1999)
              Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected major taxa in the oceans. For closely monitored groups like corals and marine mammals, reports of the frequency of epidemics and the number of new diseases have increased recently. A dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997-98 is coincident with high El Niño temperatures. Such climate-mediated, physiological stresses may compromise host resistance and increase frequency of opportunistic diseases. Where documented, new diseases typically have emerged through host or range shifts of known pathogens. Both climate and human activities may have also accelerated global transport of species, bringing together pathogens and previously unexposed host populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
                Publisher: The Royal Society
                ISSN (Print): 0962-8452
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2954
                Publication date Created: March 07 2002
                Publication date Created: March 07 2002
                Publication date (Electronic): March 07 2002
                Publication date (Print): March 07 2002
                Volume: 269
                Issue: 1490
                Pages: 529-533
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
                [2 ]Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
                [3 ]Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
                [4 ]School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
                Article
                DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1897
                PMC ID: 1690913
                PubMed ID: 11886647
                SO-VID: e536815a-acef-43c8-ab30-c87b5d81d798
                Copyright © © 2002
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