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      Artificial neural networks in the prediction of fraud in integral milk powder by adding whey powder Translated title: Redes neurais artificiais na predição de fraude em leite em pó integral pela adição de soro lácteo em pó

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: This research was performed to ascertain the most suitable Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to quantify the degree of fraud in powdered milk through the addition of powdered whey via regular standard physicochemical analyses. In this study, an evaluation was done on 103 samples with different quantities of added whey powder to whole milk powder. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy the fat, cryoscopy, total solids, defatted dry extract, lactose, protein and casein were analyzed. The hyperbolic tangent transformation function was used with 45 topologies, and the Holdback and K-fold validation methods were tested. In the Holdback method, 75% of the database was employed for training, while 25% was used for validation. In the K-fold method, the database was categorized into five equal sized subsets, which alternated between training and validation. Of the two methods, the K-fold method was proven to have superior efficiency. Next, analysis was done on three models of multilayer perceptron networks with feedforward architecture. In Model 1, the input layer contained all the physicochemical analyses conducted, in model 2 the casein analysis was excluded, and in model 3 the routine analyses performed for dairy products was done (fat, defatted dry extract, cryoscopy and total solids). From Model 3 an ANN was derived which could satisfactorily predict fraud calculated from using the routine and standard analyses for dairy products, containing 64 nodes in the hidden layer, with R2 of 0.9935 and RMSE of 0.5779 for training, and R2 of 0.9964 and RMSE of 0.4358 for validation.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o melhor modelo de rede neural artificial (RNA) para quantificar fraude em leite em pó, pela adição de soro em pó, por meio de analises físico-químicas de rotina. Foram avaliados 103 níveis de adição de soro lácteo em pó em leite em pó integral. As análises de gordura, crioscopia, sólidos totais, extrato seco desengordurado, lactose, proteína e caseína foram realizadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. A função de transformação utilizada foi a tangente hiperbólica, em que testou-se 45 topologias e dois métodos de validação: holdback e k-fold. Para o método holdback, 75% do banco de dados foi utilizado para o treinamento e 25% para a validação. Para o método k-fold, o banco de dados foi dividido em cinco subconjuntos de mesmo tamanho que se alternavam entre treinamento e validação. O método k-fold se mostrou mais eficiente. Três modelos de redes perceptron de múltiplas camadas com arquitetura feedforward foram analisados. No modelo 1 a camada de entrada constituía todas as análises físico-químicas realizadas, no modelo 2 excluiu-se a análise de caseína e no modelo 3 utilizou-se as análises de rotina em laticínios (gordura, extrato seco desengordurado, crioscopia e sólidos totais). O modelo 3 obteve uma RNA capaz de predizer satisfatoriamente a fraude avaliada a partir de análises consideradas de rotina em laticínios com uma RNA contendo 64 nodos na camada oculta, R2 de 0,9935 e RMSE de 0,5779 para treinamento, R2 de 0,9964 e RMSE de 0,4358 para validação.

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          Near infrared spectroscopy: A mature analytical technique with new perspectives – A review

          Last decade's advances and modern aspects of near infrared spectroscopy are critically examined and reviewed. Innovative instrumentation, highlighted by portable and imaging instruments, chemometrics data multivariate processing, and new and valuable applications are presented and discussed. Because of these advances, this mature analytical technique is continually experiencing renewed interest. The drawbacks and misuses of the technique and its supporting mathematical tools are also addressed. The principal achievements in the field are shown in a critical manner, in order to understand why the technique has found intensive application in the most diverse and modern areas of analytical importance during the last ten years.
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            An overview of multivariate qualitative methods for food fraud detection

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              A review on approaches for efficient recovery of whey proteins from dairy industry effluents

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                2022
                : 52
                : 4
                : e20210109
                Affiliations
                [1] Florestal Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Viçosa orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782022000400754 S0103-8478(22)05200400754
                10.1590/0103-8478cr20210109
                e54d868e-3aac-4017-a3a3-4f47e3df5783

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 February 2021
                : 29 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Food Technology

                quality control,fraud detection,routine analysis,controle de qualidade,detecção de fraude,análises de rotina

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