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      Progress on Azadirachta indica Based Biopesticides in Replacing Synthetic Toxic Pesticides

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          Abstract

          Over the years, extensive use of commercially available synthetic pesticides against phytophagous insects has led to their bioaccumulation in the environment causing increased resistance and reduction in soil biodiversity. Further, 90% of the applied pesticides enter the various environmental resources as a result of run-off, exposing the farmers as well as consumers of the agricultural produce to severe health issues. Therefore, growing attention has been given toward the development of alternate environmentally friendly pesticides/insecticides that would aid an efficient pest management system and also prevent chronic exposures leading to diseases. One such strategy is, the use of neem plant's (Binomial name: Azadirachta indica) active ingredients which exhibit agro-medicinal properties conferring insecticidal as well as immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties. The most prominent constituent of neem is azadirachtin, which has been established as a pivotal insecticidal ingredient. It acts as an antifeedant, repellent, and repugnant agent and induces sterility in insects by preventing oviposition and interrupting sperm production in males. This review discusses, key neem pesticidal components, their active functional ingredients along with recent strategies on employing nanocarriers, to provide controlled release of the active ingredients and to improve their stability and sustainability.

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          Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world.

          Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
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            Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica.

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              Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity.

              Pesticides are widely used in agricultural and other settings, resulting in continuing human exposure. Epidemiologic studies indicate that, despite premarket animal testing, current exposures are associated with risks to human health. In this review, we describe the routes of pesticide exposures occurring today, and summarize and evaluate the epidemiologic studies of pesticide-related carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity in adults. Better understanding of the patterns of exposure, the underlying variability within the human population, and the links between the animal toxicology data and human health effects will improve the evaluation of the risks to human health posed by pesticides. Improving epidemiology studies and integrating this information with toxicology data will allow the human health risks of pesticide exposure to be more accurately judged by public health policy makers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                08 May 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 610
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
                [2] 2Department of Gynecology, Government Medical College and Hospital Chandigarh, India
                [3] 3Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
                [4] 4Department of Medical Parasitology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: David W. M. Leung, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

                Reviewed by: Taras P. Pasternak, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany; Hossein Alizadeh, Lincoln University, New Zealand

                *Correspondence: Jagat R. Kanwar jagat.kanwar@ 123456deakin.edu.au

                This article was submitted to Plant Biotechnology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2017.00610
                5420583
                28533783
                e58c4c18-10c0-4ce1-80f3-2031bd40e7d4
                Copyright © 2017 Chaudhary, Kanwar, Sehgal, Cahill, Barrow, Sehgal and Kanwar.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 25 August 2016
                : 04 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 108, Pages: 13, Words: 10514
                Funding
                Funded by: Australia-India Strategic Research Fund 10.13039/501100001134
                Funded by: National Health and Medical Research Council 10.13039/501100000925
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Review

                Plant science & Botany
                azadirachtin,pesticides,biopesticide,azadirachta indica,agro-medicinal components,nanocarriers,sustained delivery

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