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      Cistinuria: diagnóstico y aproximación terapéutica Translated title: Cystinuria: diagnosis and therapeutic approach

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          Abstract

          La cistinuria es una aminoaciduria debida a un transporte defectuoso de cistina y de aminoácidos dibásicos (arginina, ornitina, y lisina) en la membrana apical del epitelio intestinal y túbulo proximal renal. El resultado es una ausencia de reabsorción de cistina en el túbulo proximal renal produciendo un exceso de cistina en orina y con la consiguiente formación de cálculos renales. Los cálculos de cistina son muy difíciles de eliminar por litotricia a diferencia del resto de cálculos. Por lo tanto, debería de llevarse a cabo una terapia no invasiva para prevenir la recidiva en la formación de cálculos. Esta terapia estaría basada en una alta ingesta de líquidos, alcalinización de la orina, y empleo de agentes quelantes. A la hora de preservar la función renal es necesaria la combinación de estas tres medidas terapéuticas tanto para disminuir la recurrencia como la morbilidad de la enfermedad.

          Translated abstract

          Cystinuria is an aminoaciduria due to the impairment of transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids (arginine, ornithine, and lysine) in the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium and proximal renal tubule. The result is an absence of cystine reabsorption in the renal tubule producing an excess of cystine in urine and stone formation. Unlike the other stones, cystine stones are very difficult to eliminate with lithotripsy. Noninvasive therapy should therefore be used to prevent relapse in stone formation. This therapy is based on the use of high fluid intake, urine alkalinization, and chelating agents. In order to preserve renal function, a combination of these three therapeutic measures is necessary to produce a low recurrence and morbidity of the disease.

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          Most cited references69

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          Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.

          The transport of amino acids in kidney and intestine is critical for the supply of amino acids to all tissues and the homeostasis of plasma amino acid levels. This is illustrated by a number of inherited disorders affecting amino acid transport in epithelial cells, such as cystinuria, lysinuric protein intolerance, Hartnup disorder, iminoglycinuria, dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, and some other less well-described disturbances of amino acid transport. The identification of most epithelial amino acid transporters over the past 15 years allows the definition of these disorders at the molecular level and provides a clear picture of the functional cooperation between transporters in the apical and basolateral membranes of mammalian epithelial cells. Transport of amino acids across the apical membrane not only makes use of sodium-dependent symporters, but also uses the proton-motive force and the gradient of other amino acids to efficiently absorb amino acids from the lumen. In the basolateral membrane, antiporters cooperate with facilitators to release amino acids without depleting cells of valuable nutrients. With very few exceptions, individual amino acids are transported by more than one transporter, providing backup capacity for absorption in the case of mutational inactivation of a transport system.
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            Physiopathology and etiology of stone formation in the kidney and the urinary tract

            All stones share similar presenting symptoms, and urine supersaturation with respect to the mineral phase of the stone is essential for stone formation. However, recent studies using papillary biopsies of stone formers have provided a view of the histology of renal crystal deposition which suggests that the early sequence of events leading to stone formation differs greatly, depending on the type of stone and on the urine chemistry leading to supersaturation. Three general pathways for kidney stone formation are seen: (1) stones fixed to the surface of a renal papilla at sites of interstitial apatite plaque (termed Randall’s plaque), as seen in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers; (2) stones attached to plugs protruding from the openings of ducts of Bellini, as seen in hyperoxaluria and distal tubular acidosis; and (3) stones forming in free solution in the renal collection system, as in cystinuria. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals in either the interstitial or tubule compartment (and sometimes both) of the renal medulla in stone formers is the rule and has implications for the initial steps of stone formation and the potential for renal injury.
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              Pathophysiology and treatment of cystinuria.

              Cystinuria is a primary inherited aminoaciduria caused by mutations in the genes that encode the two subunits (neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT and b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1) of the amino acid transport system b(0,+). This autosomal recessive disorder (in which few cases show dominant inheritance) causes a failure in the reabsorption of filtered cystine and dibasic amino acids in the proximal tubule. The clinical symptoms of this disease are caused by the loss of poorly soluble cystine, which precipitates to form stones. Although rare, the prevalence of cystinuria is sufficiently high that the disease results in a substantial contribution to pediatric renal lithiasis. A thorough understanding of cystine transport processes over the past 15 years and the genetic abnormalities responsible for the disease has led to a new classification of cystinuria and recognition that some cases result from an autosomal dominant etiology with incomplete penetrance. This Review examines the molecular and mechanistic effects of some of the mutations that cause cystinuria based on our current understanding of the structural and cellular biology of system b(0,+). This Review also describes the current treatments to prevent recurrent cystine lithiasis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona )
                1137-6627
                December 2011
                : 34
                : 3
                : 453-461
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital General Universitario Spain
                Article
                S1137-66272011000300011
                10.4321/s1137-66272011000300011
                e5a164d5-74a3-40d0-a82b-0ee22e6b52a4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

                Public health
                Cystinuria,Urolithiasis,Therapy,Chelating agents,Cistinuria,Urolitiasis,Terapia,Agentes quelantes

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