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      Setup of Galvanic Sensors for the Monitoring of Gilded Bronzes

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          Abstract

          Traditional electrochemical techniques, such as linear polarization resistance (Rp), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cannot be applied to gilded bronzes, as it may not be possible to interpret the results obtained due to the bimetallic nature of the studied material. The measurement of the macrocouple current generated by the gold/bronze galvanic couple can be used as an indicator of degradation processes. Nevertheless, this measurement cannot be performed directly on the original artifacts due to the systematic presence of short-circuits between the two metals. In the present work the use of galvanic sensors is proposed as a possible solution for the monitoring of gilded bronze artefacts. The sensors have been designed to simulate real gilded bronze surfaces in terms of composition and stratigraphy and have proved to be a reliable diagnostic tool for the in situ monitoring of the rates of deterioration of gilded bronze surfaces and to test new conservation treatments. Their set-up and application is reported and their performances discussed.

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          Most cited references97

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          Copper patinas formed in the atmosphere—II. A qualitative assessment of mechanisms

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              Seasonal variations in corrosion rate and runoff rate of copper roofs in an urban and a rural atmospheric environment

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                1424-8220
                April 2014
                22 April 2014
                : 14
                : 4
                : 7066-7083
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; E-Mails: davide.gulotta@ 123456polimi.it (D.G.); lucia.toniolo@ 123456polimi.it (L.T.)
                [2 ] Haute-Ecole Arc Conservation-Restauration, Espace de l'Europe 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; E-Mail: laura.brambilla@ 123456he-arc.ch
                [3 ] Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; E-Mail: ruben.beltrami@ 123456unifr.ch
                [4 ] Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; E-Mail: paola.fermo@ 123456unimi.it
                Author notes

                Author Contributions S.G. conceived the study; S.G. and D.G. drafted the manuscript; S.G., L.B. and R.B. carried out the experimental part and the interpretation of results; L.T. and P.F. participated in the coordination of the study; D.G. collaborated in the experimental part.

                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: sara.goidanich@ 123456polimi.it ; Tel.: +39-02-2399-3148; Fax: +39-02-2399-3180.
                Article
                sensors-14-07066
                10.3390/s140407066
                4029642
                24759110
                e5db93d0-67c4-489f-8fd2-6a4d2a6f33a4
                © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 17 March 2014
                : 14 April 2014
                : 14 April 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                galvanic sensors,gilded bronze,in situ monitoring,corrosion,conservation
                Biomedical engineering
                galvanic sensors, gilded bronze, in situ monitoring, corrosion, conservation

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