Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions?

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Abstract

Background and aims

The nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form (IGDS-SF9) is brief and effective to evaluate Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) severity. Although its scores show promising psychometric properties, less is known about whether different groups of gamers interpret the items similarly. This study aimed to verify the construct validity of the Persian IGDS-SF9 and examine the scores in relation to gender and hours spent online gaming among 2,363 Iranian adolescents.

Methods

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis were used to examine the construct validity of the IGDS-SF9. The effects of gender and time spent online gaming per week were investigated by multigroup CFA and Rasch differential item functioning (DIF).

Results

The unidimensionality of the IGDS-SF9 was supported in both CFA and Rasch. However, Item 4 ( fail to control or cease gaming activities) displayed DIF (DIF contrast = 0.55) slightly over the recommended cutoff in Rasch but was invariant in multigroup CFA across gender. Items 4 (DIF contrast = −0.67) and 9 ( jeopardize or lose an important thing because of gaming activity; DIF contrast = 0.61) displayed DIF in Rasch and were non-invariant in multigroup CFA across time spent online gaming.

Conclusions

Given the Persian IGDS-SF9 was unidimensional, it is concluded that the instrument can be used to assess IGD severity. However, users of the instrument are cautioned concerning the comparisons of the sum scores of the IGDS-SF9 across gender and across adolescents spending different amounts of time online gaming.

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Most cited references 25

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Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction.

Fulton Crews, Jun. He, Clyde W Hodge (2007)

Cortical growth and remodeling continues from birth through youth and adolescence to stable adult levels changing slowly into senescence. There are critical periods of cortical development when specific experiences drive major synaptic rearrangements and learning that only occur during the critical period. For example, visual cortex is characterized by a critical period of plasticity involved in establishing visual acuity. Adolescence is defined by characteristic behaviors that include high levels of risk taking, exploration, novelty and sensation seeking, social interaction and play behaviors. In addition, adolescence is the final period of development of the adult during which talents, reasoning and complex adult behaviors mature. This maturation of behaviors corresponds with periods of marked changes in neurogenesis, cortical synaptic remodeling, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, as well as major changes in hormones. Frontal cortical development is later in adolescence and likely contributes to refinement of reasoning, goal and priority setting, impulse control and evaluating long and short term rewards. Adolescent humans have high levels of binge drinking and experimentation with other drugs. This review presents findings supporting adolescence as a critical period of cortical development important for establishing life long adult characteristics that are disrupted by alcohol and drug use.

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Prevalence of Internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample.

Florian Rehbein, Sören Kliem, Dirk Baier … (2015)

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is included as a condition for further study in Section 3 of the DSM-5. Nine criteria were proposed with a threshold of five or more criteria recommended for diagnosis. The aims of this study were to assess how the specific criteria contribute to diagnosis and to estimate prevalence rates of IGD based on DSM-5 recommendations.

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The Conceptualisation and Measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: The Development of the IGD-20 Test

Halley Pontes, Orsolya Király, Zsolt Demetrovics … (2014)

Background Over the last decade, there has been growing concern about ‘gaming addiction’ and its widely documented detrimental impacts on a minority of individuals that play excessively. The latest (fifth) edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included nine criteria for the potential diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and noted that it was a condition that warranted further empirical study. Aim: The main aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable standardised psychometrically robust tool in addition to providing empirically supported cut-off points. Methods A sample of 1003 gamers (85.2% males; mean age 26 years) from 57 different countries were recruited via online gaming forums. Validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), criterion-related validity, and concurrent validity. Latent profile analysis was also carried to distinguish disordered gamers from non-disordered gamers. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed to determine an empirical cut-off for the test. Results The CFA confirmed the viability of IGD-20 Test with a six-factor structure (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse) for the assessment of IGD according to the nine criteria from DSM-5. The IGD-20 Test proved to be valid and reliable. According to the latent profile analysis, 5.3% of the total participants were classed as disordered gamers. Additionally, an optimal empirical cut-off of 71 points (out of 100) seemed to be adequate according to the sensitivity and specificity analyses carried. Conclusions The present findings support the viability of the IGD-20 Test as an adequate standardised psychometrically robust tool for assessing internet gaming disorder. Consequently, the new instrument represents the first step towards unification and consensus in the field of gaming studies.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (pmc): jba

Journal ID (publisher-id): JBA

Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Abbreviated Title: J Behav Addict

Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )

ISSN (Print): 2062-5871

ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303

Publication date (Electronic, epub): 12 May 2017

Publication date (Print, ppub): June 2017

Volume: 6

Issue: 2

Pages: 256-263

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica , Taipei, Taiwan

[ ² ]Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Hong Kong

[ ³ ]Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University , Kalmar, Sweden

[ ⁴ ]International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK

[ ⁵ ]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin, Iran

[ ⁶ ]Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University , Jönköping, Sweden

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author: Amir H. Pakpour; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Blvd, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran; Phone: +98 28 33239259; Fax: +98 28 33239259; E-mails: Pakpour_Amir@ 123456yahoo.com , apakpour@ 123456qums.ac.ir

Article

DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.025

PMC ID: 5520122

PubMed ID: 28571474

SO-VID: e60c35f6-6e0e-40aa-89f4-ba94234040d5

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 11 January 2017

Date revision received : 31 March 2017

Date accepted : 01 April 2017

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 8

Funding

Funding sources: Nothing declared.

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Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions?

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Abstract

Background and aims

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Most cited references 25

Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction.

Prevalence of Internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample.

The Conceptualisation and Measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: The Development of the IGD-20 Test

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Cited by 49

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