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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the treatment of viral infections: Efficacies and mechanisms
review-article
Kai Huang
a
,
1 ,
Pan Zhang
b
,
1 ,
Zhenghao Zhang
b
,
1 ,
Ji Youn Youn
a
,
1 ,
Hongchun Zhang
b
,
* ,
Hua Linda Cai
a
,
*
31 March 2021
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM),
Viral infections,
COVID-19,
Jinhua Qinggan granules (JHQG),
Lianhua Qingwen capsules (LHQW),
Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction (LCDD),
Xuanfeibaidu granules (XFBD),
Huashibaidu granules (HSBD),
Xuebijing (XBJ),
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),
Coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro),
Interleukin-6 (IL-6),
3CLpro, Coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease,
ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2,
AGE-RAGE, Advanced glycation end products-Receptor for AGE,
Akt, Protein kinase B,
ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome,
BCL2, B-cell lymphoma 2,
CASP3, Caspase 3,
CCL2, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2,
COVID, Coronavirus disease,
COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019,
COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2,
CRP, C-reactive protein,
CT, computerized tomography,
CVA, cough variant asthma,
DAVID, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery,
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor,
ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
GO, gene ontology,
HIF-1, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1,
HNF4A, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha,
HSBD, Huashibaidu granules,
HSP90AA1, Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha,
HSP90AB1, Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta,
HXZQ, Huoxiang Zhengqi dropping pills,
IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration,
ICU, intensive care unit,
IFN-γ, Interferon gamma,
IL-6, Interleukin-6,
IP-10, Interferon gamma-induced protein 10,
JHQG, Jinhua Qinggan granules,
KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,
LCDD, Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction,
LHQW, Lianhua Qingwen capsules,
MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase,
MCP-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1,
miRNAs, micro RNAs,
NCOA2, Nuclear receptor coactivator 2,
NFkB, Nuclear factor kappa B,
NOS2, Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase/iNOS),
Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,
PCT, procalcitonin,
PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase,
PPARG, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,
PPI, protein-protein interaction,
PTGS1, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1,
PTGS2, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,
RCT, randomized controlled trial,
ROS, reactive oxygen species,
SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,
SIRS, systematic inflammatory response syndrome,
SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1,
S protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein,
TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine,
TCMID, Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database,
TFs, transcription factors,
TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha,
TP53, Tumor protein p53,
UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS, Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry ,
WBC, white blood cell,
WHO, World Health Organization,
XBJ, Xuebijing,
XFBD, Xuanfeibaidu granules
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Abstract
COVID-19 has remained an uncontained, worldwide pandemic. While battling for the disease in China, six Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) recipes have been shown to be remarkably effective for treating patients with COVID-19. The present review discusses principles of TCM in curing infectious disease, and clinical evidence and mechanisms of the 6 most effective TCM recipes used in treating COVID-19 in 92% of all of the confirmed cases in China. Applications of TCM and specific recipes in the treatment of other viral infections, such as those caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza A virus (including H1N1 and H7N9), influenza B, dengue virus as well as Ebola virus, are also discussed. Among the 6 TCM recipes, Jinhua Qinggan (JHQG) granules and Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) capsules are recommended during medical observation; Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction (LCDD) is recommended for the treatment of both severe and non-severe patients; Xuanfeibaidu (XFBD) granules are recommended for treating moderate cases; while Huashibaidu (HSBD) and Xuebijing (XBJ) have been used in managing severe cases effectively. The common components and the active ingredients of the six TCM recipes have been summarized to reveal most promising drug candidates. The potential molecular mechanisms of the active ingredients in the six TCM recipes that target ACE2, 3CL pro and IL-6, revealed by molecular biological studies and/or network pharmacology prediction/molecular docking analysis/visualization analysis, are fully discussed. Therefore, further investigation of these TCM recipes may be of high translational value in revealing novel targeted therapies for COVID-19, potentially via purification and characterization of the active ingredients in the effective TCM recipes.
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Author and article information
traditional chinese medicine (tcm),viral infections,covid-19,jinhua qinggan granules (jhqg),lianhua qingwen capsules (lhqw),lung cleansing and detoxifying decoction (lcdd),xuanfeibaidu granules (xfbd),huashibaidu granules (hsbd),xuebijing (xbj),angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2),coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3clpro),interleukin-6 (il-6),3clpro, coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease,ace2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2,age-rage, advanced glycation end products-receptor for age,akt, protein kinase b,ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome,bcl2, b-cell lymphoma 2,casp3, caspase 3,ccl2, c-c motif chemokine ligand 2,covid, coronavirus disease,covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019,cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2,crp, c-reactive protein,ct, computerized tomography,cva, cough variant asthma,david, database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery,egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor,esr, erythrocyte sedimentation rate,go, gene ontology,hif-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1,hnf4a, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha,hsbd, huashibaidu granules,hsp90aa1, heat shock protein hsp 90-alpha,hsp90ab1, heat shock protein hsp 90-beta,hxzq, huoxiang zhengqi dropping pills,ic50, 50% inhibitory concentration,icu, intensive care unit,ifn-γ, interferon gamma,il-6, interleukin-6,ip-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10,jhqg, jinhua qinggan granules,kegg, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,lcdd, lung cleansing and detoxifying decoction,lhqw, lianhua qingwen capsules,mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase,mcp-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,mirnas, micro rnas,ncoa2, nuclear receptor coactivator 2,nfkb, nuclear factor kappa b,nos2, nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase/inos),nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,pct, procalcitonin,pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase,pparg, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,ppi, protein-protein interaction,ptgs1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1,ptgs2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,rct, randomized controlled trial,ros, reactive oxygen species,sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,sirs, systematic inflammatory response syndrome,socs1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1,s protein, sars-cov-2 spike (s) glycoprotein,tcm, traditional chinese medicine,tcmid, traditional chinese medicine integrated database,tfs, transcription factors,tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha,tp53, tumor protein p53,uplc-dad-qtof-ms, ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,wbc, white blood cell,who, world health organization,xbj, xuebijing,xfbd, xuanfeibaidu granules
traditional chinese medicine (tcm), viral infections, covid-19, jinhua qinggan granules (jhqg), lianhua qingwen capsules (lhqw), lung cleansing and detoxifying decoction (lcdd), xuanfeibaidu granules (xfbd), huashibaidu granules (hsbd), xuebijing (xbj), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3clpro), interleukin-6 (il-6), 3clpro, coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, ace2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, age-rage, advanced glycation end products-receptor for age, akt, protein kinase b, ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bcl2, b-cell lymphoma 2, casp3, caspase 3, ccl2, c-c motif chemokine ligand 2, covid, coronavirus disease, covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019, cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2, crp, c-reactive protein, ct, computerized tomography, cva, cough variant asthma, david, database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery, egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor, esr, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, go, gene ontology, hif-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, hnf4a, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, hsbd, huashibaidu granules, hsp90aa1, heat shock protein hsp 90-alpha, hsp90ab1, heat shock protein hsp 90-beta, hxzq, huoxiang zhengqi dropping pills, ic50, 50% inhibitory concentration, icu, intensive care unit, ifn-γ, interferon gamma, il-6, interleukin-6, ip-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, jhqg, jinhua qinggan granules, kegg, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, lcdd, lung cleansing and detoxifying decoction, lhqw, lianhua qingwen capsules, mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase, mcp-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, mirnas, micro rnas, ncoa2, nuclear receptor coactivator 2, nfkb, nuclear factor kappa b, nos2, nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase/inos), nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, pct, procalcitonin, pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, pparg, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, ppi, protein-protein interaction, ptgs1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1, ptgs2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, rct, randomized controlled trial, ros, reactive oxygen species, sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, sirs, systematic inflammatory response syndrome, socs1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, s protein, sars-cov-2 spike (s) glycoprotein, tcm, traditional chinese medicine, tcmid, traditional chinese medicine integrated database, tfs, transcription factors, tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, tp53, tumor protein p53, uplc-dad-qtof-ms, ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, wbc, white blood cell, who, world health organization, xbj, xuebijing, xfbd, xuanfeibaidu granules