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      Trasplante hepático: Implicaciones nutricionales Translated title: Liver transplant: Nutritional implications

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          Abstract

          La mayoría de los pacientes candidatos a trasplante hepático presentan malnutrición de diversa magnitud. Debido a ello, pueden ser subsidiarios de un tratamiento nutricional con vistas a mejorar el estado nutricional y los resultados del trasplante. No obstante, el soporte preoperatorio es de difícil realización en muchos casos debido a múltiples factores entre los que se encuentran la situación clínica de los pacientes, los requerimientos diagnósticos, las pautas de tratamiento y la atención extrahospitalaria de los candidatos "estables". En la fase postoperatoria, los pacientes deben recibir soporte nutricional del mismo modo que otros pacientes sometidos a cirugía mayor. La nutrición enteral precoz es el método más adecuado en la mayoría de los casos, para lo que es recomendable la colocación intraoperatoria de una vía de acceso transpilórico al tracto digestivo, habitualmente una sonda naso-yeyunal. La nutrición enteral debe mantenerse hasta que los requerimientos nutricionales puedan ser adecuadamente cubiertos mediante la ingesta oral. El tratamiento inmunosupresor, a través de sus efectos secundarios con incidencia metabólico-nutricional, contribuye de manera importante al desarrollo de problemas de esta índole tras el trasplante. Los pacientes precisan seguimiento nutricional no sólo para valorar la evolución de su estado de nutrición sino también para detectar, prevenir y tratar las alteraciones tardías que, como la obesidad, la hiperlipemia o la osteoporosis, aparecen con frecuencia en estos pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          Most of the patients who are candidate to liver transplant have varying degrees of hyponutrition. That is why they may be subsidiary to receive nutritional therapy so as to improve their nutritional status and the transplant outcomes. However, preoperative support is difficult to perform in many cases due to multiple factors among which the patients clinical situation, the diagnostic requirements, the therapeutic regimens, and extra-hospital care of the "stable" candidates may be listed. In the post-surgical phase, the patients must receive nutritional support in the same way other patients submitted to major surgery do. Early enteral nutrition is the most appropriate method in most of the cases, for which intraoperative placement of a transpyloric access to the digestive tract is recommended, usually through a naso-jejunal tube. Enteral nutrition should be maintained until nutritional requirements may appropriately be covered by oral feeding. Immunosuppressive therapy importantly contributes to the development of such problems after transplantation through its secondary metabolic-nutritional effects. The patients require nutritional follow-up not only to assess the evolution of their nutritional status but also to detect, prevent, and treat late-onset impairments such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, or osteoporosis, which commonly occur in these patients.

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          Most cited references70

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          ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation.

          Enhanced recovery of patients after surgery ("ERAS") has become an important focus of perioperative management. From a metabolic and nutritional point of view, the key aspects of perioperative care include: Enteral nutrition (EN) by means of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) and if necessary tube feeding (TF) offers the possibility of increasing or ensuring nutrient intake in cases where food intake is inadequate. These guidelines are intended to give evidence-based recommendations for the use of ONS and TF in surgical patients. They were developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with officially accepted standards and are based on all relevant publications since 1980. The guideline was discussed and accepted in a consensus conference. EN is indicated even in patients without obvious undernutrition, if it is anticipated that the patient will be unable to eat for more than 7 days perioperatively. It is also indicated in patients who cannot maintain oral intake above 60% of recommended intake for more than 10 days. In these situations nutritional support should be initiated without delay. Delay of surgery for preoperative EN is recommended for patients at severe nutritional risk, defined by the presence of at least one of the following criteria: weight loss >10-15% within 6 months, BMI<18.5 kg/m(2), Subjective Global Assessment Grade C, serum albumin <30 g/l (with no evidence of hepatic or renal dysfunction). Altogether, it is strongly recommended not to wait until severe undernutrition has developed, but to start EN therapy early, as soon as a nutritional risk becomes apparent.
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            Comparison between handgrip strength, subjective global assessment, and prognostic nutritional index in assessing malnutrition and predicting clinical outcome in cirrhotic outpatients.

            This study compared three methods of assessing malnutrition in cirrhotics and correlated nutritional status with clinical outcome. This cross-sectional study evaluated nutritional status by subjective global assessment (SGA), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and handgrip strength (HG) in outpatients with cirrhosis (n = 50) and two control groups with hypertension (n = 46) and functional gastrointestinal disorders (n = 49). Patients with cirrhosis were followed for 1 y to verify the incidence of major complications, the need for transplantation, and death. Among patients with cirrhosis, 88% were Child-Pugh A and only 12% were Child-Pugh B. Among these, prevalences of malnutrition were 28% by SGA, 18.7% by PNI, and 63% by HG (P < 0.05). HG, but not SGA or PNI, predicted a poorer clinical outcome in patients with cirrhosis because major complications such as uncontrolled ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome developed in 65.5% of malnourished patients versus 11.8% of well-nourished ones (P < 0.05). No significant differences by any method were seen between the two groups regarding liver transplantation or death. There was a high prevalence of malnutrition in cirrhotic outpatients, especially when assessed by HG, which was superior to SGA and PNI in this study. HG was the only technique that predicted a significant incidence of major complications in 1 y in undernourished cirrhotic patients.
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              ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Liver disease.

              Enteral nutrition (EN) by means of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) and tube feeding (TF) offers the possibility to increase or to insure nutrient intake in case of insufficient oral food intake. The present guideline is intended to give evidence-based recommendations for the use of ONS and TF in patients with liver disease (LD). It was developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with officially accepted standards and is based on all relevant publications since 1985. The guideline was discussed and accepted in a consensus conference. EN by means of ONS is recommended for patients with chronic LD in whom undernutrition is very common. ONS improve nutritional status and survival in severely malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis. In patients with cirrhosis, TF improves nutritional status and liver function, reduces the rate of complications and prolongs survival. TF commenced early after liver transplantation can reduce complication rate and cost and is preferable to parenteral nutrition. In acute liver failure TF is feasible and used in the majority of patients.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (Madrid )
                0212-1611
                May 2008
                : 23
                : suppl 2
                : 34-40
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre Spain
                [2 ] Hospital Universitario de Salamanca Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112008000600006
                e636a6a4-b605-4885-84bb-888548d8772c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Trasplante hepático,Liver transplant,Malnourishment,Nutritional implications,Malnutrición,Implicaciones nutricionales

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