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      Bacterial Communities Associated with the Leaves and the Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana

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      PLoS ONE
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          Abstract

          Diverse communities of bacteria inhabit plant leaves and roots and those bacteria play a crucial role for plant health and growth. Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model to study plant pathogen interactions, but little is known about its associated bacterial community under natural conditions. We used 454 pyrosequencing to characterize the bacterial communities associated with the roots and the leaves of wild A. thaliana collected at 4 sites; we further compared communities on the outside of the plants with communities in the endophytic compartments. We found that the most heavily sequenced bacteria in A. thaliana associated community are related to culturable species. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are the most abundant phyla in both leaf and root samples. At the genus level, sequences of Massilia and Flavobacterium are prevalent in both samples. Organ (leaf vs root) and habitat (epiphytes vs endophytes) structure the community. In the roots, richness is higher in the epiphytic communities compared to the endophytic compartment ( P = 0.024), while the reverse is true for the leaves ( P = 0.032). Interestingly, leaf and root endophytic compartments do not differ in richness, diversity and evenness, while they differ in community composition ( P = 0.001). The results show that although the communities associated with leaves and roots share many bacterial species, the associated communities differ in structure.

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          The Paradox of the Plankton

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            Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth.

            Bacterial endophytes live inside plants for at least part of their life cycle. Studies of the interaction of endophytes with their host plants and their function within their hosts are important to address the ecological relevance of endophytes. The modulation of ethylene levels in plants by bacterially produced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase is a key trait that enables interference with the physiology of the host plant. Endophytes with this capacity might profit from association with the plant, because colonization is enhanced. In turn, host plants benefit by stress reduction and increased root growth. This mechanism leads to the concept of 'competent' endophytes, defined as endophytes that are equipped with genes important for maintenance of plant-endophyte associations. The ecological role of these endophytes and their relevance for plant growth are discussed here.
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              Microbiology of the Phyllosphere

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2013
                15 February 2013
                : 8
                : 2
                : e56329
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
                U. S. Salinity Lab, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: NB MWH JB. Performed the experiments: NB MWH. Analyzed the data: NB MWH. Wrote the paper: NB MWH JB.

                [¤]

                Current address: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

                Article
                PONE-D-12-32507
                10.1371/journal.pone.0056329
                3574144
                23457551
                e66ea273-33e4-4606-a806-b2d218721ddb
                Copyright @ 2013

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 October 2012
                : 8 January 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Funding
                This work was supported by two grants to JB: National Science Foundation, NSF, MCB 0603515 entitled Microbial Observatories: Forces shaping microbial communities in the phyllosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana and National Institute of Health, NIH, GM057994 entitled Evolutionary genetics of R gene loci in Arabidopsis. NB acknowledges funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation through the postdoc mobility and Marie Heim-Vögtlin fellowships. MWH acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation through a predoctoral fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Community Structure
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Species Richness
                Plant Ecology
                Plant-Environment Interactions
                Microbial Ecology
                Microbiology
                Plant Microbiology
                Model Organisms
                Plant and Algal Models
                Arabidopsis Thaliana
                Plant Science
                Plant Ecology
                Plant-Environment Interactions
                Plant Microbiology

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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