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      Restless legs syndrome associated with major diseases : A systematic review and new concept

      review-article
      , MD , , PhD, , MD, , MD, , MD
      Neurology
      Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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          Abstract

          Recent publications on both the genetics and environmental factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) defined as a clinical disorder suggest that overlapping genetic risk factors may play a role in primary (idiopathic) and secondary (symptomatic) RLS. Following a systematic literature search of RLS associated with comorbidities, we identified an increased prevalence of RLS only in iron deficiency and kidney disease. In cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension, diabetes, migraine, and Parkinson disease, the methodology of studies was poor, but an association might be possible. There is insufficient evidence for conditions such as anemia (without iron deficiency), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, headache, stroke, narcolepsy, and ataxias. Based on possible gene–microenvironmental interaction, the classifications primary and secondary RLS may suggest an inappropriate causal relation. We recognize that in some conditions, treatment of the underlying disease should be achieved as far as possible to reduce or eliminate RLS symptoms. RLS might be seen as a continuous spectrum with a major genetic contribution at one end and a major environmental or comorbid disease contribution at the other.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Journal
          Neurology
          Neurology
          neurology
          neur
          neurology
          NEUROLOGY
          Neurology
          Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
          0028-3878
          1526-632X
          05 April 2016
          05 April 2017
          : 86
          : 14
          : 1336-1343
          Affiliations
          From Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders (C.T.), Paracelsus-Elena Hospital, Kassel; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.T.) and Clinical Neurophysiology (W.P.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.A.), The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (B.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Neurogenomic (J.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg; Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik (J.W.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.W.), Munich, Germany.
          Author notes
          Correspondence to Dr. Trenkwalder: trenkwalder@ 123456paracelsus-kliniken.de or Dr. Winkelmann: winkelmann@ 123456lrz.tu-muenchen.de

          Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

          Article
          PMC4826337 PMC4826337 4826337 NEUROLOGY2015680025
          10.1212/WNL.0000000000002542
          4826337
          26944272
          e6712c7e-fa0f-4f5d-89e7-aaba6cda6705
          © 2016 American Academy of Neurology
          History
          : 23 July 2015
          : 10 December 2015
          Categories
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