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      ELMO, a new helmet interface for CPAP to treat COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure outside the ICU: a feasibility study Translated title: ELMO, uma nova interface do tipo capacete para CPAP no tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI: estudo de viabilidade

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 4 , 1 , 1 , 5
      Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
      Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
      Pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Respiratory protective devices, Continuous positive airway pressure, Noninvasive ventilation, Pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Dispositivos de proteção respiratória, Pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas, Ventilação não invasiva

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To assess the feasibility of using a new helmet interface for CPAP, designated ELMO, to treat COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) outside the ICU.

          Methods:

          This was a proof-of-concept study involving patients with moderate to severe AHRF secondary to COVID-19 admitted to the general ward of a public hospital. The intervention consisted of applying CPAP via the ELMO interface integrated with oxygen and compressed air flow meters (30 L/min each) and a PEEP valve (CPAP levels = 8-10 cmH 2O), forming the ELMOcpap system. The patients were monitored for cardiorespiratory parameters, adverse events, and comfort.

          Results:

          Ten patients completed the study protocol. The ELMOcpap system was well tolerated, with no relevant adverse effects. Its use was feasible outside the ICU for a prolonged amount of time and was shown to be successful in 60% of the patients. A CPAP of 10 cmH 2O with a total gas flow of 56-60 L/min improved oxygenation after 30-to 60-min ELMOcpap sessions, allowing a significant decrease in estimated FIO 2 (p = 0.014) and an increase in estimated PaO 2/FIO 2 ratio (p = 0.008) within the first hour without CO 2 rebreathing.

          Conclusions:

          The use of ELMOcpap has proven to be feasible and effective in delivering high-flow CPAP to patients with COVID-19-related AHRF outside the ICU. There were no major adverse effects, and ELMO was considered comfortable. ELMOcpap sessions significantly improved oxygenation, reducing FIO 2 without CO 2 rebreathing. The overall success rate was 60% in this pilot study, and further clinical trials should be carried out in the future.

          (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04470258 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/])

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Avaliar a viabilidade do uso de uma nova interface do tipo capacete para CPAP, denominada ELMO, para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda (IRpA) hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI.

          Métodos:

          Estudo de prova de conceito envolvendo pacientes com IRpA hipoxêmica moderada a grave secundária à COVID-19, internados na enfermaria geral de um hospital público. A intervenção consistiu na aplicação de CPAP por meio da interface ELMO integrada a fluxômetros de oxigênio e ar comprimido (30 L/min cada) e a uma válvula de PEEP (níveis de CPAP = 8-10 cmH 2O), formando o sistema ELMOcpap. Os pacientes foram monitorados quanto a parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, eventos adversos e conforto.

          Resultados:

          Dez pacientes completaram o protocolo do estudo. O sistema ELMOcpap foi bem tolerado, sem efeitos adversos relevantes. Seu uso foi viável fora da UTI por tempo prolongado e mostrou-se bem-sucedido em 60% dos pacientes. Uma CPAP de 10 cmH 2O com fluxo total de gás de 56-60 L/min melhorou a oxigenação após sessões de ELMOcpap de 30-60 min, permitindo redução significativa da FIO 2 estimada (p = 0,014) e aumento da PaO 2/FIO 2 estimada (p = 0,008) na primeira hora, sem reinalação de CO 2.

          Conclusões:

          O uso do ELMOcpap mostrou-se viável e eficaz no fornecimento de CPAP de alto fluxo a pacientes com IRpA hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI. Não houve nenhum efeito adverso importante, e o ELMO foi considerado confortável. As sessões de ELMOcpap melhoraram significativamente a oxigenação, reduzindo a FIO 2 sem reinalação de CO 2. A taxa global de sucesso foi de 60% neste estudo piloto, e novos ensaios clínicos devem ser realizados.

          (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04470258 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/])

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          Most cited references28

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          • Article: found

          Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

          There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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            Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19

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              Characterisation of the first 250 000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective analysis of nationwide data

              Background Most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) have little or no data integrated into a national surveillance system to identify characteristics or outcomes of COVID-19 hospital admissions and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their national health systems. We aimed to analyse characteristics of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in Brazil, and to examine the impact of COVID-19 on health-care resources and in-hospital mortality. Methods We did a retrospective analysis of all patients aged 20 years or older with quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR)-confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to hospital and registered in SIVEP-Gripe, a nationwide surveillance database in Brazil, between Feb 16 and Aug 15, 2020 (epidemiological weeks 8–33). We also examined the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic across three 4-week periods within this timeframe (epidemiological weeks 8–12, 19–22, and 27–30). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. We compared the regional burden of hospital admissions stratified by age, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and respiratory support. We analysed data from the whole country and its five regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South. Findings Between Feb 16 and Aug 15, 2020, 254 288 patients with RT-qPCR-confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to hospital and registered in SIVEP-Gripe. The mean age of patients was 60 (SD 17) years, 119 657 (47%) of 254 288 were aged younger than 60 years, 143 521 (56%) of 254 243 were male, and 14 979 (16%) of 90 829 had no comorbidities. Case numbers increased across the three 4-week periods studied: by epidemiological weeks 19–22, cases were concentrated in the North, Northeast, and Southeast; by weeks 27–30, cases had spread to the Central-West and South regions. 232 036 (91%) of 254 288 patients had a defined hospital outcome when the data were exported; in-hospital mortality was 38% (87 515 of 232 036 patients) overall, 59% (47 002 of 79 687) among patients admitted to the ICU, and 80% (36 046 of 45 205) among those who were mechanically ventilated. The overall burden of ICU admissions per ICU beds was more pronounced in the North, Southeast, and Northeast, than in the Central-West and South. In the Northeast, 1545 (16%) of 9960 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation outside the ICU compared with 431 (8%) of 5388 in the South. In-hospital mortality among patients younger than 60 years was 31% (4204 of 13 468) in the Northeast versus 15% (1694 of 11 196) in the South. Interpretation We observed a widespread distribution of COVID-19 across all regions in Brazil, resulting in a high overall disease burden. In-hospital mortality was high, even in patients younger than 60 years, and worsened by existing regional disparities within the health system. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need to improve access to high-quality care for critically ill patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, particularly in LMICs. Funding National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordinating Agency for Advanced Training of Graduate Personnel (CAPES), Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), and Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                24 January 2022
                2022
                : 48
                : 1
                : e20210349
                Affiliations
                [1 ]. Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC - Fortaleza (CE) Brasil.
                [2 ]. Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - FUNCAP - Fortaleza (CE) Brasil.
                [3 ]. Universidade de Fortaleza - UNIFOR - Fortaleza (CE) Brasil.
                [4 ]. Hospital Estadual Leonardo da Vinci, Fortaleza (CE) Brasil.
                [5 ]. Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará Paulo Marcelo Martins Rodrigues, Fortaleza (CE) Brasil.
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to: ] Betina Santos Tomaz. Rua Leda Porto Freire, 200, apto. 1503 Torre B, Parque Iracema, CEP 60824-030, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Tel.: 55 85 3366-8208. E-mail: betina.stufc@ 123456gmail.com

                AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS: BST, GCG, JAL, and MAH: study design and drafting of the manuscript. DGAM, JBS, VF, LSJ, and the ELMO TASK FORCE: development of the ELMO device. BST, GCG, JAL, MSQF, and DLNL: data collection. BST, GCG, and JAL: guarantors of data integrity. BST, EDBP, and MAH: data analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

                CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None declared.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-7296
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9342-7737
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-4800
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-5591
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-6309
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-4308
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1555-049X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-3512
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4575-3386
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-3164
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-0084
                Article
                00000
                10.36416/1806-3756/e20210349
                8836630
                35137871
                e6a7c58d-e66c-4579-8f50-154e6075f205
                © 2022 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 01 September 2021
                : 28 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 25
                Categories
                Original Article

                pneumonia,sars-cov-2,covid-19,respiratory protective devices,continuous positive airway pressure,noninvasive ventilation,dispositivos de proteção respiratória,pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas,ventilação não invasiva

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