Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Relationships between clinical status, humoral immune response, haematology and  Lutzomyia  ( Lutzomyia )  longipalpis  infectivity

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Abstract

The main source of Leishmania infantum infection in humans is a naturally infected dog. This study reports on the infectivity to phlebotomine sandflies ( Lutzomyia longipalpis) of serologically positive mongrel dogs that differed in clinical status, haematology and humoral responses to immunoglobulin (Ig) G _T (total anti- Leishmania IgG), IgG ₁ and IgG ₂ subclasses of antibody to crude antigen of L. infantum. Forty-five female L. longipalpis were allowed to feed directly on the ears of dogs classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic or symptomatic before being dissected five days later. Promastigotes were detected in 88% of the dissected sandflies. The highest rate of infectivity to sandflies was found in symptomatic dogs, followed by oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic animals. The results suggest that dogs naturally infected with L. infantum with higher total IgG and IgG ₂ concentrations and lower haematocrit levels were able to infect the highest proportion of L. longipalpis. No correlation was observed between anaemia and the intensity of clinical signs. Symptomatic dogs presented the highest infection rate and intensity of infection.

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Most cited references 31

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Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model.

Javier Moreno, Jorge Alvar (2002)

Increasing risk factors are making zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis a growing public health concern in many countries. Domestic dogs constitute the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania chagasi, and play a key role in the transmission to humans. New reagents and tools allow the detailed investigation of canine leishmaniasis, permitting the monitoring of the immunological status of dogs in both natural and experimental infections. Such studies are essential to determine the basis of the canine protective immune response and to establish a laboratory model, a significant aspect for the development of vaccines against canine leishmaniasis.

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A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum.

P Ciaramella, G Oliva, R D Luna … (1997)

The clinical and laboratory findings observed in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum, from a large endemic area of southern Italy, are described. There was a gradual onset of clinical signs and the course of the disease was progressive in almost all the cases. The majority of the dogs were mongrels (43.3 per cent), male (64.7 per cent), of medium size (50.6 per cent), three to seven years old (64.7 per cent), and living outdoors (60 per cent). They showed generalised (56.7 per cent) or symmetrical (32 per cent) lymphadenomegaly; the mucous membranes of 87 of the dogs (58 per cent) were pale and moderate or severe splenomegaly was diagnosed in 80 dogs (53.3 per cent); weight loss was observed in 32 per cent of the animals. Skin abnormalities were very common, and included dry exfoliative dermatitis (56 per cent), ulcers (40 per cent) periorbital alopecia ('lunettes') (18 per cent), diffuse alopecia (14 per cent) and onychogryphosis (24 per cent). Ocular signs were observed in 24 dogs (16 per cent) including 16 cases of keratoconjunctivitis (three with keratoconjunctivitis sicca), six cases of moderate uveitis and two cases of panophthalmitis. The acute form of the disease was diagnosed in only six dogs and was characterised by fever and generalised lymphadenomegaly, and by the absence of skin lesions. Another six dogs had severe renal failure without systemic clinical signs of leishmaniasis. The most important laboratory findings were a severe or moderate increase in gammaglobulins, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperproteinemia and anaemia. Cultures or cytology tests for L infantum parasites were positive in 134 of the dogs. Following the standard procedures developed for human lymph node and bone marrow cytology tests, the leishmania density in the dogs varied from 1+ to 2+. Leishmania antibody titres were high (> 1:160) in almost all the dogs. Immunological tests for autoantibodies were positive in 25 of 53 dogs tested in the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, in 15 of 43 dogs tested in the latex test and in five of 24 dogs tested in the Coombs test.

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Parasite density and impaired biochemical/hematological status are associated with severe clinical aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Karen Martins, Rodolfo Giunchetti, Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho … (2006)

We have performed a detailed investigation in 40 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi), subdivided into three groups: asymptomatic (AD = 12), oligosymptomatic (OD = 12) and symptomatic (SD = 16), based on their clinical features. Twenty non-infected dogs (CD) were included as control group. Serological analysis, performed by IFAT and ELISA, demonstrated higher antibodies titers in SD in comparison to the AD. A positive correlation was found between parasite density in the spleen and skin smears as well as the bone marrow parasitism with clinical status of the infection. We observed that the progression of the disease from asymptomatic to symptomatic clinical form was accompanied by intense parasitism in the bone marrow. It is likely that this led to the impaired biochemical/hematological status observed. Finally, we believe that the follow-up of these parameters could be a relevant approach to be used as markers during therapeutic and vaccine evaluations.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Maria Norma Melo

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. J

Title: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)

Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.

ISSN (Print): 1090-0233

ISSN (Electronic): 1532-2971

Publication date PMC-release: 16 January 2007

Publication date (Print): November 2007

Publication date (Electronic): 16 January 2007

Volume: 174

Issue: 3

Pages: 636-643

Affiliations

[a ]Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, P.O. Box 567, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil

[b ]Instituto de Ciências Biológicas de Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Parasitologia, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, P.O. Box 528, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil

[c ]Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 31 3499 2969; fax: +55 31 3499 2970. melo@ 123456icb.ufmg.br

Article

Publisher ID: S1090-0233(06)00245-0

DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.11.006

PMC ID: 7110440

PubMed ID: 17229582

SO-VID: e6b118b1-ee35-41a8-9117-deb96a44291b

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Relationships between clinical status, humoral immune response, haematology and Lutzomyia ( Lutzomyia) longipalpis infectivity

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Most cited references 31

Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model.

A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniasis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum.

Parasite density and impaired biochemical/hematological status are associated with severe clinical aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis.

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