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Mood changes after watching pornography on the Internet are linked to tendencies towards Internet-pornography-viewing disorder

research-article

Author(s): Christian Laier ^a ^, ^* , Matthias Brand ^a ^, ^b

Publication date (Electronic): 08 December 2016

Journal: Addictive Behaviors Reports

Publisher: Elsevier

Keywords: Internet pornography, Addiction, Mood, Sexual arousal

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Abstract

Internet-pornography-viewing disorder (IPD) is considered one type of Internet-use disorder. For IPD's development, it was assumed theoretically that a dysfunctional use of Internet pornography to cope with depressive mood or stress might be considered to be a risk factor. To address the effect of Internet pornography use on mood, an online study with three measuring points with a sample of male participants was conducted. Participants were investigated regarding their tendencies towards IPD, personal use of Internet pornography, general mood, perceived stress, and their Internet pornography use motivation. Moreover, participants were asked regarding their current mood, sexual arousal, and need to masturbate before and after they watched Internet pornography self-determinedly in a private environment. Data showed that tendencies towards IPD were associated negatively with feeling generally good, awake, and calm and were correlated positively with perceived stress in daily life and using Internet pornography for excitation seeking and emotional avoidance. Self-determined use of Internet pornography in their private environment was accompanied by changes in mood and indicators of sexual arousal. Moreover, tendencies towards IPD were negatively related to mood before and after Internet-pornography use as well as an actual increase of good and calm mood. The results showed effects of watching Internet pornography on mood and sexual arousal which can be considered having reinforcing effects for the user. Thus, the results are in line with theoretical assumptions on IPD's development, in which the positive (and negative) reinforcement received by Internet-pornography use is related to cue-reactivity and craving reactions.

Highlights

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Investigation of mood and sexual arousal before and after self-determined Internet pornography use in private environment
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Watching pornography was associated to changes in mood and indicators of sexual arousal
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Current mood as well as changes in mood were associated to symptoms of Internet-pornography-viewing-disorder

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Most cited references 35

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Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.

Matthias Brand, Kimberly Young, CHRISTIAN LAIER … (2016)

Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, we suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework for the processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addictive use of certain Internet applications or sites promoting gaming, gambling, pornography viewing, shopping, or communication. The model is composed as a process model. Specific Internet-use disorders are considered to be the consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and Internet-related cognitive biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in combination with reduced executive functioning. Conditioning processes may strengthen these associations within an addiction process. Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders, summarized in the I-PACE model, must be further tested empirically, implications for treatment interventions are suggested.

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Prefrontal Control and Internet Addiction: A Theoretical Model and Review of Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Findings

Matthias Brand, Kimberly Young, CHRISTIAN LAIER (2014)

Most people use the Internet as a functional tool to perform their personal goals in everyday-life such as making airline or hotel reservations. However, some individuals suffer from a loss of control over their Internet use resulting in personal distress, symptoms of psychological dependence, and diverse negative consequences. This phenomenon is often referred to as Internet addiction. Only Internet Gaming Disorder has been included in the appendix of the DSM-5, but it has already been argued that Internet addiction could also comprise problematic use of other applications with cybersex, online relations, shopping, and information search being Internet facets at risk for developing an addictive behavior. Neuropsychological investigations have pointed out that certain prefrontal functions in particular executive control functions are related to symptoms of Internet addiction, which is in line with recent theoretical models on the development and maintenance of the addictive use of the Internet. Control processes are particularly reduced when individuals with Internet addiction are confronted with Internet-related cues representing their first choice use. For example, processing Internet-related cues interferes with working memory performance and decision making. Consistent with this, results from functional neuroimaging and other neuropsychological studies demonstrate that cue-reactivity, craving, and decision making are important concepts for understanding Internet addiction. The findings on reductions in executive control are consistent with other behavioral addictions, such as pathological gambling. They also emphasize the classification of the phenomenon as an addiction, because there are also several similarities with findings in substance dependency. The neuropsychological and neuroimaging results have important clinical impact, as one therapy goal should enhance control over the Internet use by modifying specific cognitions and Internet use expectancies.

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Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption.

Gert Hald, Neil Malamuth (2008)

The self-perceived effects of "hardcore" pornography consumption were studied in a large representative sample of young adult Danish men and women aged 18-30. Using a survey that included the newly developed Pornography Consumption Effect Scale, we assessed participants' reports of how pornography has affected them personally in various areas, including their sexual knowledge, attitudes toward sex, attitudes toward and perception of the opposite sex, sex life, and general quality of life. Across all areas investigated, participants reported only small, if any, negative effects with men reporting slightly more negative effects than women. In contrast, moderate positive effects were generally reported by both men and women, with men reporting significantly more positive effects than women. For both sexes, sexual background factors were found to significantly predict both positive and negative effects of pornography consumption. Although the proportion of variance in positive effects accounted for by sexual background factors was substantial, it was small for negative effects. We discuss how the findings may be interpreted differently by supporters and opponents of pornography due to the reliance in this study on reported self-perceptions of effects. Nonetheless, we conclude that the overall findings suggest that many young Danish adults believe that pornography has had primarily a positive effect on various aspects of their lives.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Christian Laier

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Addict Behav Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Addict Behav Rep

Title: Addictive Behaviors Reports

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Electronic): 2352-8532

Publication date PMC-release: 08 December 2016

Publication date Collection: June 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 08 December 2016

Volume: 5

Pages: 9-13

Affiliations

[a ]General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Germany

[b ]Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author at: General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Forsthausweg 2, 47057 Duisburg, Germany.General Psychology: CognitionUniversity of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR)Forsthausweg 2Duisburg47057Germany christian.laier@ 123456uni-due.de

Article

Publisher ID: S2352-8532(16)30049-9

DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2016.11.003

PMC ID: 5800558

PubMed ID: 29450222

SO-VID: e6b1a222-3aa0-4b84-82ca-eb471e232f05

Copyright © © 2016 The Authors

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

History

Date received : 28 October 2016

Date revision received : 28 November 2016

Date accepted : 28 November 2016

Categories

Subject: Research paper

Keywords: internet pornography,addiction,mood,sexual arousal

Data availability:

Keywords: internet pornography, addiction, mood, sexual arousal

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