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      Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil from Helichrysum microphyllum Cambess. subsp. tyrrhenicum Bacch., Brullo & Giusso collected in South-West Sardinia

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Helichrysum microphyllum subsp. tyrrhenicum collected in four different stations in South -Western Sardinia.

          The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The oil samples showed different chromatographic profiles. The oil of the station 4 revealed the presence of significant amount of neryl acetate (33.6%); in oils from stations 1 and 2 we found γ-curcumene (28%) and in station 3 γ-curcumene (12%) and linalool (11%), while there was no trace of neryl acetate. Standard microbiological assays demonstrated that essential oils obtained by plants collected in station 1 and 2, very rich in curcumene, showed an interesting anticandidal activity, dose- and time-dependent, which is enhanced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of chitosan.

          Our results suggest that the essential oil of Helichrysum microphyllum subsp. tyrrhenicum, associated with chitosan in innovative formulations, could be considered as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of Candida opportunistic infections. The results of this study shows that the chemotypization of the species examined could lead to their targeted clinical use, in a concept of a rational scientific aromatherapy.

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          Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review.

          Ming Kong, Xi Chen, Ke Xing … (2010)
          Owing to its high biodegradability, and nontoxicity and antimicrobial properties, chitosan is widely-used as an antimicrobial agent either alone or blended with other natural polymers. To broaden chitosan's antimicrobial applicability, comprehensive knowledge of its activity is necessary. The paper reviews the current trend of investigation on antimicrobial activities of chitosan and its mode of action. Chitosan-mediated inhibition is affected by several factors can be classified into four types as intrinsic, environmental, microorganism and physical state, according to their respective roles. In this review, different physical states are comparatively discussed. Mode of antimicrobial action is discussed in parts of the active compound (chitosan) and the target (microorganisms) collectively and independently in same complex. Finally, the general antimicrobial applications of chitosan and perspectives about future studies in this field are considered. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity.

            V. D’Angelo, A Nostro, Maria A Cannatelli … (2000)
            A comparative study on the antimicrobial properties of extracts from medicinal plants obtained by two different methods was carried out. The screening of the antimicrobial activity of extracts from six plants was conducted by a disc diffusion test against Gram-positive, -negative and fungal organisms. The most active extracts (inhibition diameter >/=12 mm) were assayed for the minimum inhibitory concentration and submitted to phytochemical screening by thin-layer chromatography and bioautography. The results obtained indicate that the diethyl ether extracts were the most efficient antimicrobial compounds. The activity was more pronounced against Gram-positive and fungal organisms than against Gram-negative bacteria. Bioautography showed that the antimicrobial activity was probably due to flavonoids and terpenes.
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              Characterization of chito-oligosaccharides prepared by chitosanolysis with the aid of papain and Pronase, and their bactericidal action against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.

              B. V. N. Phani Kumar, R Tharanathan, Lalitha Gowda … (2005)
              Papain (from papaya latex; EC 3.4.22.2) and Pronase (from Streptomyces griseus; EC 3.4.24.31) caused optimum depolymerization of chitosan at pH 3.5 and 37 degrees C, resulting in LMMC (low molecular mass chitosan) and chito-oligomeric-monomeric mixture. The yield of the latter was 14-16% and 14-19% respectively for papain- and Pronase-catalysed reactions, depending on the reaction time (1-5 h). HPLC revealed the presence of monomer(s) and oligomers of DP (degree of polymerization) 2-6, which was also confirmed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS. Along with the chito-oligomers, the appearance of only GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) in Pronase-catalysed chitosanolysis was indicative of its different action pattern compared with papain. Fourier-transform infrared, liquid-state 13C-NMR spectra and CD analyses of chito-oligomeric-monomeric mixture indicated the release of GlcNAc/GlcNAc-rich oligomers. The monomeric sequence at the non-reducing ends of chito-oligomers was elucidated using N-acetylglucosaminidase. The chito-oligomeric-monomeric mixture showed better growth inhibitory activity towards Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli compared with native chitosan. Optimum growth inhibition was observed with chito-oligomers of higher DP having low degree of acetylation. The latter caused pore formation and permeabilization of the cell wall of B. cereus, whereas blockage of nutrient flow due to the aggregation of chito-oligomers-monomers was responsible for the growth inhibition and lysis of E. coli, which were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The spillage of cytoplasmic enzymes and native PAGE of the cell-free supernatant of B. cereus treated with chito-oligomeric-monomeric mixture further confirmed bactericidal activity of the latter. Use of papain and Pronase, which are inexpensive and easily available, for chitosanolysis, is of commercial importance, as the products released are of considerable biomedical value.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Claudia Juliano
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Title: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1319-562X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-7106
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 April 2018
                Publication date (Print): July 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 April 2018
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 897-905
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
                [b ]Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy
                [c ]Department od Internal Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
                [d ]Department of Natural and Land Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy. julianoc@ 123456uniss.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1319-562X(18)30092-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.04.009
                PMC ID: 6601027
                PubMed ID: 31303817
                SO-VID: e6c9d03d-8ebc-4abf-ac58-84f3d957910f
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 3 August 2017
                Date revision received : 6 April 2018
                Date accepted : 8 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: h. microphyllum subsp. tyrrhenicum,essential oil composition,curcumene,antimicrobial activity,anticandidal activity,chitosan
                Data availability:
                Keywords: h. microphyllum subsp. tyrrhenicum, essential oil composition, curcumene, antimicrobial activity, anticandidal activity, chitosan

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