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      Prevention of Overweight and Obesity: How Effective is the Current Public Health Approach

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          Abstract

          Obesity is a public health problem that has become epidemic worldwide. Substantial literature has emerged to show that overweight and obesity are major causes of co-morbidities, including type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, various cancers and other health problems, which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. The related health care costs are also substantial. Therefore, a public health approach to develop population-based strategies for the prevention of excess weight gain is of great importance. However, public health intervention programs have had limited success in tackling the rising prevalence of obesity. This paper reviews the definition of overweight and obesity and the variations with age and ethnicity; health consequences and factors contributing to the development of obesity; and critically reviews the effectiveness of current public health strategies for risk factor reduction and obesity prevention.

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          Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship.

          P Deurenberg, M Deurenberg-Yap, S Guricci (2002)
          The objective was to study the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat per cent (BF%) in different population groups of Asians. The study design was a literature overview with special attention to recent Asian data. Specific information is provided on Indonesians (Malays and Chinese ancestry), Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and Hong Kong Chinese. The BMI was calculated from weight and height and the BF% was determined by deuterium oxide dilution, a chemical-for-compartment model, or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All Asian populations studied had a higher BF% at a lower BMI compared to Caucasians. Generally, for the same BMI their BF% was 3-5% points higher compared to Caucasians. For the same BF% their BMI was 3-4 units lower compared to Caucasians. The high BF% at low BMI can be partly explained by differences in body build, i.e. differences in trunk-to-leg-length ratio and differences in slenderness. Differences in muscularity may also contribute to the different BF%/BMI relationship. Hence, the relationship between BF% and BMI is ethnic-specific. For comparisons of obesity prevalence between ethnic groups, universal BMI cut-off points are not appropriate.
          Article 0 comments Cited 368 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence.

            Rachel Huxley, Alireza Ansary-Moghaddam, Peter G. Clifton … (2009)
            Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality and is considered to be largely attributable to inappropriate lifestyle and behavior patterns. The purpose of this review was to undertake a comparison of the strength of the associations between known and putative risk factors for colorectal cancer by conducting 10 independent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Studies published between 1966 and January 2008 were identified through EMBASE and MEDLINE, using a combined text word and MESH heading search strategy. Studies were eligible if they reported estimates of the relative risk for colorectal cancer with any of the following: alcohol, smoking, diabetes, physical activity, meat, fish, poultry, fruits and vegetables. Studies were excluded if the estimates were not adjusted at least for age. Overall, data from 103 cohort studies were included. The risk of colorectal cancer was significantly associated with alcohol: individuals consuming the most alcohol had 60% greater risk of colorectal cancer compared with non- or light drinkers (relative risk 1.56, 95% CI 1.42-1.70). Smoking, diabetes, obesity and high meat intakes were each associated with a significant 20% increased risk of colorectal cancer (compared with individuals in the lowest categories for each) with little evidence of between-study heterogeneity or publication bias. Physical activity was protective against colorectal cancer. Public-health strategies that promote modest alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, weight loss, increased physical activity and moderate consumption of red and processed meat are likely to have significant benefits at the population level for reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer.
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              Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes.

              Derek Yach, David Stuckler, Kelly D. Brownell (2006)
              Article 0 comments Cited 175 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 101238455
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 February 2010
                Publication date (Print): March 2010
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 765-783
                Affiliations
                Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail: jeanwoowong@ 123456cuhk.edu.hk
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ruthchansm@ 123456cuhk.edu.hk ; Tel.: +852-2252-8766; Fax: +852-2606-3500.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-07-00765
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7030765
                PMC ID: 2872299
                PubMed ID: 20617002
                SO-VID: e6d447eb-8016-4401-a116-4fdd07282e18
                Copyright © © 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 January 2010
                Date accepted : 25 February 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: obesity,prevention,public health
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: obesity, prevention, public health

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