The expression "Cardiovascular Epidemiology" has been widely used in observational
studies
that assess risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, it includes research
in
biology, behavior, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. In addition
to
exploring the relationship between risks of health conditions and states of diseases
that
can be hardly tested in experimental studies, epidemiology provides methodological
arsenal
to launch cause-effect connections, establishing the basis for cardiovascular prevention.
Large cohort studies have provided information on the etiology and prevention of
cardiovascular disease that built a great part of the current medical knowledge. The
well-known Framingham Heart Study is among the pioneer cohort studies
1
. This study was conducted in Framingham, a
28,000 inhabitant's town located 21 miles west of Boston. The study enrolled 6,000
medium
class Americans, 30 to 59 years old, mostly white, who were followed for 20 years.
The
study focused on risk factors for coronary heart and cardiovascular disease. It was
exemplary planned, conducted and analyzed, establishing the basis of much that we
know
about causation of cardiovascular disease. Countless studies were inspired by the
Framingham experience, expanding the epidemiological framework of several risk factors
and
diseases. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study investigated the etiology
of
atherosclerosis and its clinical outcomes, and variation in cardiovascular risk factors,
medical care, and disease by race, sex, place, and time. In a different way of the
Framingham study, this cohort was conducted in three ethnically mixed communities
- Forsyth
County, North Carolina, and suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Washington County,
Maryland - and in one black community - in Jackson, Mississippi - enrolling 4,000
adults,
aged 45 64 years, from each community, who were examined twice, three years apart
2
. An extensive laboratory with biochemistry
assessment and ultrasound scanning of carotid and popliteal arteries were innovative
methods investigated in this study
3
.
The Nurses' Health Study (NHS)
4
and the
Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), led by Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts, started addressing restricted questions among professional groups of
women
and men. The NHS was planned to investigate the long-term consequences of the use
of oral
contraceptives among a highly cooperative motivated group of women, the American registered
nurses, aged 30 to 55, in 1976, who lived in the 11 most populous states of the US
-
California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New
York,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Approximately 122,000 nurses, out of the 170,000 mailed,
responded the baseline questionnaire, and every two years members received a follow-up
questionnaire with questions about diseases and health-related conditions including
smoking, hormone use and menopausal status. In subsequent follow-up inquiries, diet
and
nutrition data were collected. The subsequent Nurses' Health Study II and III investigated
younger nurses and expanded the investigation to other research questions
5
.
The Health Professionals Follow-up Study enrolled 51,529 men - mostly dentists and
veterinarians, but also pharmacists, optometrists, osteopath physicians, and podiatrists,
including a small sample of African- and Asian-Americans. The aim was to investigate
men's
health associated to nutritional factors over the incidence of cancer, heart disease,
and
other vascular diseases. The data collection was carried out using self-answered
questionnaires with questions about diseases and alcohol consumption, health-related
topics
like smoking, physical activity, and medications taken every two years, and dietary
information each four-year intervals
6
.
The studies commented above gave origin to more than 7,700 papers and countless citations,
which are the foundation for the current cardiovascular disease knowledge.
These large cohort studies are a few examples of very expensive studies, which demanded
long follow-up periods, supported by the American government agencies. In Brazil,
pioneer
studies were fully funded by international agencies, as the Pelotas birth cohort study,
which enrolled more than 5,000 newborns and their families at about 30 years ago.
It has
shown the development of cardiovascular risk factors linked to perinatal outcomes
7,8
.
The Brazilian government has recently started to fund large epidemiologic and clinical
studies. Beside to answering relevant questions to the Brazilian population, these
studies
will contribute for the universal knowledge of cardiovascular disease causation, prevention
and treatment. The ELSA study (Estudo Longitudinal da Saude do Adulto) is
an example of a large cohort study being conducted in the adult Brazilian
population
9
. It is investigating
the risks and prognosis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a cohort of more
15,000
employees of universities and affiliated hospitals. Large clinical trials have been
sponsored as well by Brazilian agencies, such as the PREVER Prevention
10
and Treatment
11
trials, and the Stem Cell Therapy Trials for the management
of cardiac conditions
12,13
. Other clinical studies as the ReHot, which is
investigating the prevalence and treatment of resistant hypertension, are on the way
currently.
These studies are evidences of the experience of Brazilian investigators, who could
plan
and conduct such kind of studies. The complementary strengths of observational studies
and
randomized clinical trials expands the knowledge of cardiovascular disease determinants,
prevention, and treatment. Besides the scientific benefits, we are breaking down barriers,
improving skills in coordination and conduction of large national studies, fomenting
junior
investigators, and mentoring clinical and research fellows. The legacy of these sound
studies will certainly change the way we understand and practice cardiology.
In the I Symposium of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, recently carried out in Porto Alegre,
Professors, physicians, post-doctoral fellows, graduate and medical students experienced
integration between the Brazilian and the international cardiovascular epidemiology
research. Brazilian and international speakers, including Paul K. Whelton (ALLHAT
PI)
14
, Peter Libby (Inflammation
investigator, Chief of Cardiology Division of Brigham Women' Hospital, Harvard
University)
15
, Thomas Lee (Health
Policy and Management investigator, Harvard University)
16
, and Lu Chi (Harvard University)
17
, presented their main ongoing projects and several sessions of state
of art updating the knowledge on cardiovascular epidemiology. This issue of the Arquivos
Brasileiros de Cardiologia has a supplement with 72 abstracts presented at the Symposium,
examples of the products of clinical and epidemiological research in our country.
Three of
them were awarded: two randomized clinical trials and a cost-effectiveness analysis
study
(see the stars in the abstracts). The Symposium was also conducted in honor of Professor
Jorge Pinto Ribeiro legacy. Professor Jorge left an enormous contribution to science
and a
legion of academic orphans, as can be seen by some of his last articles published
18-28
.
His sound work and competence helped to improve research and cardiology practice,
not only
locally, but nationwide. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) will honor him
naming
the Clinical Research Building on Professor Jorge Pinto Ribeiro behalf. In addition,
three
prizes were instituted on his name: for leading scientists, who made major academic
contributions, an outstanding young investigator, and a policy maker, who helped the
HCPA
to achieve its aims in excellence of health assistance and quality of care. We hope
that
the Arquivo's readers enjoy the high quality of the abstracts presented at the
Symposium.