Evaluación de la Felicidad: Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala de Felicidad Subjetiva en Población Chilena

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Abstract

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Felicidad Subjetiva (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). El objetivo del primer estudio, en que participaron 300 personas de población general, fue estimar confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y validez de constructo de la escala. El segundo estudio, donde participaron 779 personas, tuvo por objetivo obtener indicadores definitivos de confiabilidad y validez en muestras con rangos etarios diversos. Además, evaluó validez convergente y divergente con los instrumentos: Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI), Cuestionario de los Cinco Grandes (BFI), y Cuestionario de Optimismo Disposicional (LOT-R). Los principales resultados del primer estudio muestran un alfa de .78 y estabilidad temporal de .61 (8 semanas de diferencias) y una estructura factorialmente pura. Para el segundo estudio la estimación de la confiabilidad estuvo entre .73 y .87 en las diversas muestra estudiadas; se encontró una estructura factorialmente pura; las correlaciones entre la escala de felicidad subjetiva y los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar validez convergente y divergente fueron adecuadas y altamente significativas en la línea de lo esperado teóricamente. La evidencia indica adecuación de la escala para su utilización en la evaluación de este constructo en población chilena.

Translated abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the subjective happiness scale (Ly-ubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). The objective of the first study involving 300 people from the general population was the estimated reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and construct validity of the scale. The second study involved 779 people, its purpose was to obtain definitive indicators of reliability and validity in samples with diverse age range. In addition, convergent and divergent validity was evaluated with instruments: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Big Five Questionnaire (BFI), and Dispositional Optimism Questionnaire (LOT-R). The main results of study showed an alpha of .78 and temporal stability of 61 (8 weeks apart) and a pure factorial structure. For the second study, the reliability estimation was between .73 and .87 according to the many samples studied, was found a pure factorial structure, the correlations between subjective happiness scale and instruments used to assess convergent and divergent validity were adequate, highly significant and in line with theoretical expectations. The evidence indicates adequacy of the scale for use in the assessment of this construct in the Chilean population.

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Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test.

Michael F Scheier, Charles S. Carver, Michael W. Bridges (1994)

Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.

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The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success?

Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, Ed Diener (2005)

Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness-success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence--crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental--are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect--the hallmark of well-being--may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.