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      Análisis de concordancia de tres pruebas para el diagnóstico de malaria en la población sintomática de los municipios endémicos de Colombia Translated title: Concordance analysis of three diagnostic tests for malaria in the symptomatic population of Colombian endemic municipalities

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          Resumen

          Introducción.

          Dadas las dificultades del diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria o paludismo en las áreas rurales, las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido constituyen una buena alternativa, por lo que es importante conocer su desempeño.

          Objetivo.

          Evaluar el desempeño de las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido utilizadas en cinco departamentos para al diagnóstico microscópico de la malaria usando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) como estándar de referencia.

          Materiales y métodos.

          Se usaron la prueba de gota gruesa y las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido y, además, se impregnó papel de filtro con sangre para la prueba molecular (PCR), en individuos sintomáticos.

          Resultados.

          Se incluyeron 314 muestras cuyo porcentaje de positividad para malaria fue de 49 % con la PCR, de 48 % con microscopía y de 46 % con las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido; la parasitemia fluctuó entre 180 y 23.800 parásitos/pl de sangre.

          La concordancia de los resultados de los puestos de microscopía comparados con la PCR (Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia) fueron los siguientes: coeficiente kappa de Cohen de 0,975 (IC 95% 0,950-0,999), sensibilidad de 97 % (IC 95% 95-100) y especificidad de 100 % (IC 95% 100-100), e índice kappa de especie de 0,958 (IC 95% 0,912-1,00).

          La concordancia de los resultados de la prueba de diagnóstico rápido Pf/Pv en los puestos de microscopía y los de la PCR (Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia), fue la siguiente: coeficiente kappa de 0,878 (IC 95% 0,784-0,973), sensibilidad de 94 % (IC 95% 87-100), especificidad de 95 % (IC 95% 90-100), e índice kappa de especie de 1,0 (IC 95% 1,00-1,00).

          La concordancia entre la prueba de diagnóstico rápido Pf/Pan y la PCR fue la siguiente: coeficiente kappa de Cohen de 0,920 (IC 95% 0,865-0,974), sensibilidad de 94 % (IC 95% 90-98), especificidad de 99 % (IC 95% 95-100), e índice kappa de especie de 0,750 (IC 95% 0,637-0,863).

          Conclusión.

          Los resultados de este estudio respaldan el uso de las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido en Colombia, aunque se requiere un mejor entrenamiento del personal para diferenciar eficientemente las especies de Plasmodium.

          Abstract

          Introduction:

          Taking into account the difficulty of performing malaria microscopic diagnosis in rural areas, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are a good alternative, but it is important to verify their diagnostic performance.

          Objective:

          To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the RDTs used in five Colombian departments by comparing them with the microscopic diagnosis and using PCR as the reference standard.

          Materials and methods:

          Thick blood film and RDTs were used to diagnose symptomatic individuals; additionally, the filter paper was impregnated with blood for the molecular test.

          Results:

          We included 314 samples whose percentage of positivity for malaria was 49% by PCR, 48% by microscopy and 46% by RDT; parasitemia ranged between 180 and 23,800 p/µl of blood.

          The concordance of the results from the microscopy units and those of the PCR (National Laboratory of Reference) was as follows: Cohen's kappa coefficient, 0.975 (95% CI: 0.9500.999); sensitivity, 97% (95% CI 95-100); specificity 100% (95% CI: 100-100), and kappa index of species, 0.958 (IC95%: 0.912-1.00).

          The concordance between the Pf/Pv RDT (at the microscopy units) and the PCR (National Laboratory of Reference) was as follows: kappa coefficient, 0.878 (95% CI: 0.784-0.973); sensitivity, 94% (95% CI: 87-100); specificity, 95% (95% CI: 90-100), and kappa index of species, 1.0 (95% CI: 1.00-1.00).

          The concordance between the Pf/Pan RDT versus PCR was: Cohen's kappa coefficient, 0.920 (95 % CI: 0.865- 0.974); sensitivity, 94% (95% CI: 90-98); specificity, 99% (95% CI 95-100), and kappa index of species, 0.750 (IC95% 0,637-0,863).

          Conclusion:

          The results of this study support the use of RDTs in Colombia; however, more training of the personnel is required to accurately differentiate Plasmodium species.

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          A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies.

          A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that uses Plasmodium genus-specific primers for the initial PCR (nest 1) amplification and either genus- or species-specific primers for the nest 2 amplifications was tested on laboratory and field samples. With in vitro cultured Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood samples, it was capable of detecting six parasites/microl of blood using DNA prepared from 25-microl blood spots on filter paper. The assay was evaluated on fingerprick blood samples collected on filter paper from 129 individuals living in a malaria-endemic area in Malaysia. Malaria prevalence by genus-specific nested PCR was 35.6% (46 of 129) compared with 28.7% (37 of 129) by microscopy. The nested PCR detected seven more malaria samples than microscopy in the first round of microscopic examination, malaria in three microscopically negative samples, six double infections identified as single infections by microscopy and one triple infection identified as a double infection by microscopy. The nested PCR assay described is a sensitive technique for collecting accurate malaria epidemiologic data. When coupled with simple blood spot sampling, it is particularly useful for screening communities in remote regions of the world.
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            High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction

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              Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training

              Background Introduction of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has boosted interest in parasite-based malaria diagnosis, leading to increased use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), particularly in rural settings where microscopy is limited. With donor support, national malaria control programmes are now procuring large quantities of RDTs. The scarcity of health facilities and trained personnel in many sub-Saharan African countries means that limiting RDT use to such facilities would exclude a significant proportion of febrile cases. RDT use by volunteer community health workers (CHWs) is one alternative, but most sub-Saharan African countries prohibit CHWs from handling blood, and little is known about CHW ability to use RDTs safely and effectively. This Zambia-based study was designed to determine: (i) whether Zambian CHWs could prepare and interpret RDTs accurately and safely using manufacturer's instructions alone; (ii) whether simple, mostly pictorial instructions (a "job aid") could raise performance to adequate levels; and (iii) whether a brief training programme would produce further improvement. Methods The job aid and training programme were based on formative research with 32 CHWs in Luangwa District. The study team then recruited three groups of CHWs in Chongwe and Chibombo districts. All had experience treating malaria based on clinical diagnosis, but only six had prior RDT experience. Trained observers used structured observation checklists to score each participant's preparation of three RDTs. Each also read 10 photographs showing different test results. The first group (n = 32) was guided only by manufacturer's instructions. The second (n = 21) used only the job aid. The last (n = 26) used the job aid after receiving a three-hour training. Results Mean scores, adjusted for education, age, gender and experience, were 57% of 16 RDT steps correctly completed for group 1, 80% for group 2, and 92% for group 3. Mean percentage of test results interpreted correctly were 54% (group 1), 80% (group 2), and 93% (group 3). All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Manufacturer's instructions like those provided with the RDTs used in this study are insufficient to ensure safe and accurate use by CHWs. However, well-designed instructions plus training can ensure high performance. More study is underway to determine how well this performance holds up over time.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomedica
                Biomedica
                bio
                Biomédica : Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud
                Instituto Nacional de Salud
                0120-4157
                2590-7379
                30 March 2020
                March 2020
                : 40
                : 1
                : 117-128
                Affiliations
                [1 ] original Grupo de Parasitología, Subdirección Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud Bogotá, D.C Colombia
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondencia: Liliana Jazmín Cortés, Grupo de Parasitología, Subdirección Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenida Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Teléfono: (571) 220 7700, extensión 1337 jcortes@ 123456ins.gov.co
                Article
                10.7705/biomedica.4893
                7357380
                32220168
                e719e445-f458-43a9-9737-2570278a4412

                Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons

                History
                : 02 January 2019
                : 24 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                malaria/diagnóstico,microscopía,reacción en cadena de la polimerasa,colombia,malaria/diagnosis,microscopy,polymerase chain reaction

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