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      The Epigenetics of Aging in Invertebrates

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          Abstract

          Aging is an unstoppable process coupled to the loss of physiological function and increased susceptibility to diseases. Epigenetic alteration is one of the hallmarks of aging, which involves changes in DNA methylation patterns, post-translational modification of histones, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNA interference. Invertebrate model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, have been used to investigate the biological mechanisms of aging because they show, evolutionarily, the conservation of many aspects of aging. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the epigenetic changes of aging with invertebrate models, providing insight into the relationship between epigenetic dynamics and aging.

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          TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation.

          Rahul M. Kohli, Yi Zhang (2013)
          DNA methylation has a profound impact on genome stability, transcription and development. Although enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation have been well characterized, those that are involved in methyl group removal have remained elusive, until recently. The transformative discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes can oxidize 5-methylcytosine has greatly advanced our understanding of DNA demethylation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a key nexus in demethylation that can either be passively depleted through DNA replication or actively reverted to cytosine through iterative oxidation and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG)-mediated base excision repair. Methylation, oxidation and repair now offer a model for a complete cycle of dynamic cytosine modification, with mounting evidence for its significance in the biological processes known to involve active demethylation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 542 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans.

            Jason Wood, Blanka Rogina, Siva Lavu … (2004)
            Caloric restriction extends lifespan in numerous species. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this effect requires Sir2 (ref. 1), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Sirtuin activating compounds (STACs) can promote the survival of human cells and extend the replicative lifespan of yeast. Here we show that resveratrol and other STACs activate sirtuins from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, and extend the lifespan of these animals without reducing fecundity. Lifespan extension is dependent on functional Sir2, and is not observed when nutrients are restricted. Together these data indicate that STACs slow metazoan ageing by mechanisms that may be related to caloric restriction.
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              PIWI-interacting RNAs: small RNAs with big functions

              Deniz M Özata, Ildar V. Gainetdinov, Ansgar Zoch … (2018)
              In animals, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) of 21-35 nucleotides in length silence transposable elements, regulate gene expression and fight viral infection. piRNAs guide PIWI proteins to cleave target RNA, promote heterochromatin assembly and methylate DNA. The architecture of the piRNA pathway allows it both to provide adaptive, sequence-based immunity to rapidly evolving viruses and transposons and to regulate conserved host genes. piRNAs silence transposons in the germ line of most animals, whereas somatic piRNA functions have been lost, gained and lost again across evolution. Moreover, most piRNA pathway proteins are deeply conserved, but different animals employ remarkably divergent strategies to produce piRNA precursor transcripts. Here, we discuss how a common piRNA pathway allows animals to recognize diverse targets, ranging from selfish genetic elements to genes essential for gametogenesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 September 2019
                Publication date Collection: September 2019
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4535
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; yugx1102@ 123456163.com (G.Y.); 18728153863@ 123456163.com (Q.W.); 18227553815@ 123456163.com (Y.G.);
                [2 ]Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: yangmingyao@ 123456sicau.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-28-028-86290991
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6508-2738
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-20-04535
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184535
                PMC ID: 6769462
                PubMed ID: 31540238
                SO-VID: e722d3e5-10de-4edb-93fc-d8eff701e0ea
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 02 August 2019
                Date accepted : 12 September 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: aging,crosstalk,dna methylation,histone modification,ncrna
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: aging, crosstalk, dna methylation, histone modification, ncrna

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