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      Monitorización hemodinámica mínimamente invasiva con eco-doppler esofágico Translated title: Minimally invasive hemodynamic monitoring with esophageal echodoppler

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          Abstract

          La monitorización hemodinámica es un elemento clave en el cuidado de los pacientes críticos, proporcionando una ayuda incuestionable en la asistencia al diagnóstico y en la elección de un tratamiento adecuado. Los dispositivos mínimamente invasivos han ido emergiendo durante los últimos años como una alternativa eficaz frente a las herramientas clásicas de monitorización. Entre ellos el eco-doppler esofágico, que permite, mediante la medición de la velocidad del flujo sanguíneo y el diámetro de la aorta torácica descendente, una monitorización continua y mínimamente invasiva del gasto cardíaco, además de otros parámetros igualmente útiles, proporcionando una visión suficientemente amplia del estado hemodinámico del paciente y facilitando la detección precoz de los cambios producidos por un deterioro clínico brusco. Aunque varios estudios han demostrado la utilidad del doppler esofágico en el ámbito quirúrgico, existe una evidencia escasa y dispersa en la literatura sobre el beneficio de esta herramienta en los pacientes críticos. Sin embargo, sus ventajas lo convierten en un atractivo elemento a tener en consideración dentro del arsenal diagnóstico de cuidados intensivos. El propósito del siguiente artículo es describir el funcionamiento, el grado de validación con otros métodos de monitorización y el papel del eco-doppler esofágico en la práctica clínica como herramienta de monitorización mínimamente invasiva del gasto cardíaco, aportando nuestra experiencia en el paciente crítico.

          Translated abstract

          Hemodynamic monitoring is a key element in the care of the critical patients, providing an unquestionable aid in the attendance to diagnosis and the choice of the adequate treatment. Minimally invasive devices have been emerging over the past few years as an effective alternative to classic monitoring tools. The esophageal echoDoppler is among these. It makes it possible to obtain continuous and minimally invasive monitoring of the cardiac output in addition to other useful parameters by measuring the blood flow rate and the diameter of the thoracic descending aorta, which provides a sufficiently extensive view of the hemodynamic state of the patient and facilitates early detection of the changes produced by a sudden clinical derangement. Although several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of the esophageal Doppler in the surgical scene, there is scarce and dispersed evidence in the literature on its benefits in critical patients. Nevertheless, its advantages make it an attractive element to take into account within the diagnostic arsenal in the intensive care. The purpose of the following article is to describe how it works, its degree of validation with other monitoring methods and the role of esophageal echoDoppler as a minimally invasive monitoring tool for measuring cardiac output in the daily clinical practice, contributing with our own experience in the critical patient.

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          Most cited references89

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          Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill.

          Passive leg raising (PLR) represents a "self-volume challenge" that could predict fluid response and might be useful when the respiratory variation of stroke volume cannot be used for that purpose. We hypothesized that the hemodynamic response to PLR predicts fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Prospective study. Medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. We investigated 71 mechanically ventilated patients considered for volume expansion. Thirty-one patients had spontaneous breathing activity and/or arrhythmias. We assessed hemodynamic status at baseline, after PLR, and after volume expansion (500 mL NaCl 0.9% infusion over 10 mins). We recorded aortic blood flow using esophageal Doppler and arterial pulse pressure. We calculated the respiratory variation of pulse pressure in patients without arrhythmias. In 37 patients (responders), aortic blood flow increased by > or =15% after fluid infusion. A PLR increase of aortic blood flow > or =10% predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 94%. A PLR increase of pulse pressure > or =12% predicted volume responsiveness with significantly lower sensitivity (60%) and specificity (85%). In 30 patients without arrhythmias or spontaneous breathing, a respiratory variation in pulse pressure > or =12% was of similar predictive value as was PLR increases in aortic blood flow (sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 93%). In patients with spontaneous breathing activity, the specificity of respiratory variations in pulse pressure was poor (46%). The changes in aortic blood flow induced by PLR predict preload responsiveness in ventilated patients, whereas with arrhythmias and spontaneous breathing activity, respiratory variations of arterial pulse pressure poorly predict preload responsiveness.
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            Effects of recruiting maneuvers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with protective ventilatory strategy.

            A lung-protective ventilatory strategy with low tidal volume (VT) has been proposed for use in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alveolar derecruitment may occur during the use of a lung-protective ventilatory strategy and may be prevented by recruiting maneuvers. This study examined the hypothesis that the effectiveness of a recruiting maneuver to improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS would be influenced by the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall. Twenty-two patients with ARDS were studied during use of the ARDSNet lung-protective ventilatory strategy: VT was set at 6 ml/kg predicted body weight and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and inspiratory oxygen fraction (Fio2) were set to obtain an arterial oxygen saturation of 90-95% and/or an arterial oxygen partial pressure (Pao2) of 60- 80 mmHg (baseline). Measurements of Pao2/Fio2, static volume-pressure curve, recruited volume (vertical shift of the volume-pressure curve), and chest wall and lung elastance (EstW and EstL: esophageal pressure) were obtained on zero end-expiratory pressure, at baseline, and at 2 and 20 min after application of a recruiting maneuver (40 cm H2O of continuous positive airway pressure for 40 s). Cardiac output (transesophageal Doppler) and mean arterial pressure were measured immediately before, during, and immediately after the recruiting maneuver. Patients were classified a priori as responders and nonresponders on the basis of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a 50% increase in Pao2/Fio2 after the recruiting maneuver. Recruiting maneuvers increased Pao2/Fio2 by 20 +/- 3% in nonresponders (n = 11) and by 175 +/- 23% (n = 11; mean +/- standard deviation) in responders. On zero end-expiratory pressure, EstL (28.4 +/- 2.2 vs. 24.2 +/- 2.9 cm H2O/l) and EstW (10.4 +/- 1.8 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.8 cm H2O/l) were higher in nonresponders than in responders (P < 0.01). Nonresponders had been ventilated for a longer period of time than responders (7 +/- 1 vs. 1 +/- 0.3 days; P < 0.001). Cardiac output and mean arterial pressure decreased by 31 +/- 2 and 19 +/- 3% in nonresponders and by 2 +/- 1 and 2 +/- 1% in responders (P < 0.01). Application of recruiting maneuvers improves oxygenation only in patients with early ARDS who do not have impairment of chest wall mechanics and with a large potential for recruitment, as indicated by low values of EstL.
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              Esophageal Doppler monitoring predicts fluid responsiveness in critically ill ventilated patients.

              To test whether fluid responsiveness can be predicted by the respiratory variation in aortic blood flow and/or the flow time corrected for heart rate monitored with esophageal Doppler. Prospective study in a 24-bed medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. 38 mechanically ventilated patients with sinus rhythm and without spontaneous breathing activity in whom volume expansion was planned. The aortic blood flow was measured using an esophageal Doppler monitoring device before and after fluid infusion (500 ml NaCl 0.9% over 10 min). The variation in aortic blood flow over a respiratory cycle between its minimal and maximal values was calculated. The flow time was also measured. Aortic blood flow increased by at least 15% after volume expansion in 20 patients (defined as responders). Before fluid infusion the respiratory variation in aortic flow was higher in responders than in nonresponders (28+/-12% vs. 12+/-5%). It significantly decreased after volume expansion (18+/-11%) in responders only. A respiratory variation in aortic flow before volume expansion of at least 18% predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 94%. Flow time increased with fluid infusion in responders and nonresponders. A flow time corrected for heart rate below 277 ms predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 94%. The area under the ROC curve generated for variation in aortic blood flow ABF was greater than that generated for flow time. The respiratory variation in aortic blood flow reliably predicts fluid responsiveness in patients with sinus rhythm and without breathing activity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                medinte
                Medicina Intensiva
                Med. Intensiva
                Elsevier España, S.L. (Barcelona )
                0210-5691
                February 2008
                : 32
                : 1
                : 33-44
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital de Jerez Spain
                Article
                S0210-56912008000100006
                10.1016/S0210-5691(08)70900-8
                e73350a4-b9db-4e09-827d-5c3f3f261812

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
                EMERGENCY MEDICINE

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                cardiac output,physiological monitoring,Doppler ultrasonography,gasto cardíaco,monitorización fisiológica,ultrasonografía doppler

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