[1
]GRID grid.213917.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4943, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, , Georgia Institute of Technology, ; Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
[2
]GRID grid.26009.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative, , Duke University, ; Durham, NC 27708 USA
[3
]GRID grid.48336.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8075, Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, Office of the Director, , National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, ; Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
[4
]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, School of Medicine, , New York University, ; New York, NY 10003 USA
[5
]GRID grid.40263.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9094, The Lifespan Cancer Institute, , Brown University, ; Providence, RI 02912 USA
[6
]GRID grid.279885.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2293 4638, National, Heart, Lung and Blood Institute at the National Institutes of Health, ; Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
[7
]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and the Center for Digital Health, , Stanford University, ; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
[8
]GRID grid.266102.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2297 6811, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , University of California, ; San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
[9
]GRID grid.420090.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0533 7147, Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National
Institutes of Health, ; Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
[10
]GRID grid.47100.32, ISNI 0000000419368710, The Center for Outcomes Research, Yale New Haven Hospital, , Yale University, ; New Haven, CT 06510 USA
[11
]GRID grid.47100.32, ISNI 0000000419368710, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, , Yale School of Medicine, ; New Haven, CT 06510 USA
[12
]GRID grid.47100.32, ISNI 0000000419368710, Department of Health Policy and Management, , Yale School of Public Health, ; New Haven, Connecticut 06510 USA
[13
]GRID grid.266683.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2184 9220, College of Information and Computer Sciences, , University of Massachusetts at Amherst, ; Amherst, MA 01003 USA
[14
]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Computational Health Informatics Program at Boston Children’s Hospital, Departments
of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, , Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, MA 02115 USA
[15
]GRID grid.214458.e, ISNI 0000000086837370, School of Information, , University of Michigan, ; Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
[16
]GRID grid.16753.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2299 3507, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, ; Chicago, IL 60611 USA
[17
]GRID grid.279885.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2293 4638, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at the National Institutes of Health, ; Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
[18
]Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
[19
]GRID grid.26009.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, School of Medicine, , Duke University, ; Durham, NC 27710 USA
[20
]Verily Life Sciences and Google Health, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
[21
]Present Address: Fortira at AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
License:
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium
or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were
made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the
article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to
the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted
use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view
a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.