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      Síndrome compartimental agudo en la baja de combate: una revisión narrativa Translated title: Acute compartment syndrome in combat casualties: a narrative review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome compartimental agudo (SCA) es una complicación frecuente y potencialmente devastadora en las heridas de guerra que afectan a las extremidades, debido principalmente a las lesiones vasculares, óseas y de tejidos blandos frecuentemente asociadas, y a la dificultad para reevaluar a la baja durante su evacuación. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la evidencia científica disponible y actualizada sobre el manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico del SCA en la baja de combate. Material y métodos: Para la elaboración de este trabajo se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva en las bases de datos: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo y Latindex. Para la selección de artículos, se han establecido como criterios de inclusión que fueran realizados en entornos militares o sobre poblaciones de bajas de combate, escritos en castellano o inglés, y publicados durante los últimos quince años. Resultados y conclusiones: En el entorno operativo, el diagnóstico del SCA será fundamentalmente clínico y el tratamiento consistirá en una fasciotomía precoz y completa de todos los compartimentos del miembro afectado, ya que la fasciotomía tardía o incompleta se ha asociado con peores resultados y a un aumento de la morbimortalidad. La formación continuada en cirugía de guerra ha disminuido las tasas de fasciotomías de revisión.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a frequent and potentially devastating complication of extremity war wounds, mainly due to the frequently associated vascular, bone and soft tissue injuries, and the limit close monitoring during casualty evacuation. The objective of this review is to analyze the available and updated scientific evidence on the diagnostic-therapeutic management of ACS in combat casualty. Material and Methods: For the preparation of this work, an exhaustive bibliographic search was carried out in the databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo and Latindex. For the selection of articles, inclusion criteria have been established: carried out in military environments or on combat casualties populations, written in Spanish or English, and published during the last fifteen years. Results and Conclusions: In the combat zone, the diagnosis is even more heavily weighted toward clinical evaluation and the treatment will consist of a prompt and complete fasciotomy of all compartments of the affected limb, inasmuch as delayed or incomplete fasciotomy has been associated with worse outcomes and increased morbidity and mortality. Pre-deployment training of surgeons has decreased the rate of revision fasciotomies.

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          Most cited references49

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          Characterization of extremity wounds in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.

          Extremity wounds and fractures traditionally comprise the majority of traumatic injuries in US armed conflicts. Little has been published regarding the extremity wounding patterns and fracture distribution in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The intent of this study was to describe the distribution of extremity fractures during this current conflict. Descriptive epidemiologic study. The Joint Theater Trauma Registry was queried for all US service members receiving treatment for wounds (ICD-9 codes 800-960) sustained in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from October 2001 through January 2005. Returned-to-duty and nonbattle injuries were excluded. Wounds were classified according to region and type. Extremity wounds were analyzed in detail and compared to published results from previous conflicts. A total of 1281 soldiers sustained 3575 extremity combat wounds. Fifty-three percent of these were penetrating soft-tissue wounds and 26% were fractures. Of the 915 fractures, 758 (82%) were open fractures. The 915 fractures were evenly distributed between the upper (461, 50%) and lower extremities (454, 50%). The most common fracture in the upper extremity was in the hand (36%) and in the lower extremity was the tibia and fibula (48%). Explosive munitions accounted for 75% of the mechanisms of injury. The burden of wounds sustained in OIF/OEF is extremity injuries, specifically soft-tissue wounds and fractures. These results are similar to the reported casualties from previous wars.
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            Prehospital tourniquet use in Operation Iraqi Freedom: effect on hemorrhage control and outcomes.

            Up to 9% of casualties killed in action during the Vietnam War died from exsanguination from extremity injuries. Retrospective reviews of prehospital tourniquet use in World War II and by the Israeli Defense Forces revealed improvements in extremity hemorrhage control and very few adverse limb outcomes when tourniquet times are less than 6 hours. We hypothesized that prehospital tourniquet use decreased hemorrhage from extremity injuries and saved lives, and was not associated with a substantial increase in adverse limb outcomes. This was an institutional review board-approved, retrospective review of the 31st combat support hospital for 1 year during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Inclusion criteria were any patient with a traumatic amputation, major extremity vascular injury, or documented prehospital tourniquet. Among 3,444 total admissions, 165 patients met inclusion criteria. Sixty-seven patients had prehospital tourniquets (TK); 98 patients had severe extremity injuries but no prehospital tourniquet (No TK). Extremity Acute Injury Scores were the same (3.5 TK vs. 3.4 No TK) in both groups. Differences (p 15) subset of patients. Fifty-seven percent of the deaths might have been prevented by earlier tourniquet use. There were no early adverse outcomes related to tourniquet use.
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              Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma.

              Previously we showed that tourniquets were lifesaving devices in the current war. Few studies, however, describe their actual morbidity in combat casualties. The purpose of this study was to measure tourniquet use and complications. A prospective survey of casualties who required tourniquets was performed at a combat support hospital in Baghdad during 7 months in 2006. Patients were evaluated for tourniquet use, limb outcome, and morbidity. We identified potential morbidities from the literature and looked for them prospectively. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. The 232 patients had 428 tourniquets applied on 309 injured limbs. The most effective tourniquets were the Emergency Medical Tourniquet (92%) and the Combat Application Tourniquet (79%). Four patients (1.7%) sustained transient nerve palsy at the level of the tourniquet, whereas six had palsies at the wound level. No association was seen between tourniquet time and morbidity. There was no apparent association of total tourniquet time and morbidity (clots, myonecrosis, rigor, pain, palsies, renal failure, amputation, and fasciotomy). No amputations resulted solely from tourniquet use. However, six (2.6%) casualties with eight preexisting traumatic amputation injuries then had completion surgical amputations and also had tourniquets on for >2 hours. The rate of limbs with fasciotomies with tourniquet time 2 hours was 36% (9 of 25, p = 0.4). Morbidity risk was low, and there was a positive risk benefit ratio in light of the survival benefit. No limbs were lost because of tourniquet use, and tourniquet duration was not associated with increased morbidity. Education for early military tourniquet use should continue.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                September 2022
                : 78
                : 3
                : 172-177
                Affiliations
                [2] Madrid orgnameHospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla orgdiv1Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor España
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología España
                [3] orgnameHospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla
                Article
                S1887-85712022000300007 S1887-8571(22)07800300007
                10.4321/s1887-85712022000300007
                e74f10ae-323a-4bef-9cae-83ca4073a4fd

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 19 July 2022
                : 13 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                baja de combate,síndrome compartimental agudo,fasciotomía,cirugía de guerra,Sanidad Militar,acute compartment syndrome,combat casualty,fasciotomy,war surgery,Spanish Medical Corps

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