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      Modularity and community structure in networks

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          Abstract

          Many networks of interest in the sciences, including a variety of social and biological networks, are found to divide naturally into communities or modules. The problem of detecting and characterizing this community structure has attracted considerable recent attention. One of the most sensitive detection methods is optimization of the quality function known as "modularity" over the possible divisions of a network, but direct application of this method using, for instance, simulated annealing is computationally costly. Here we show that the modularity can be reformulated in terms of the eigenvectors of a new characteristic matrix for the network, which we call the modularity matrix, and that this reformulation leads to a spectral algorithm for community detection that returns results of better quality than competing methods in noticeably shorter running times. We demonstrate the algorithm with applications to several network data sets.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          17 February 2006
          Article
          10.1073/pnas.0601602103
          physics/0602124
          e786ad9b-ce37-4f10-844f-4a6f949f49c4
          History
          Custom metadata
          Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8577-8582 (2006)
          7 pages, 3 figures
          physics.data-an cond-mat.stat-mech physics.soc-ph

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