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      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Validity and reliability of anti-diabetic medication adherence scale among patients with diabetes in Baghdad, Iraq: a pilot study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Medication non-adherence is a common problem among patients with diabetes. Patient-reported medication adherence scales are the most commonly used method to assess patient medication adherence, but up to today there is no specific tool for assessing medication adherence among patients with diabetes in Arab countries. This study aimed to develop and validate a new tool for assessment of adherence to antidiabetic medications among Iraqi patients with diabetes.

          Methods

          The Iraqi Anti-Diabetic Medication Adherence Scale (IADMAS) consists of eight items. The face and content validity of the IADMAS were established via an expert panel. For convergent validity, the IADMAS was compared with the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ). For concurrent validity, the IADMAS was compared with glycosylated hemoglobin. A total of 84 patients with types 2 diabetes were recruited from a diabetes center in Baghdad, Iraq. Test–retest reliability was measured by readministering the IADMAS to the same patients 4 weeks later.

          Results

          Only 80 patients completed the study (response rate: 95%). Reliability analysis of the IADMAS showed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.712, whereas that of the MAQ was 0.649. All items in the IADMAS showed no significant difference in the test–retest analysis, indicating that the IADMAS has stable reliability. There was no difference in the psychometric properties of the IADMAS and the MAQ. The sensitivity and specificity of the IADMAS were higher than that of the MAQ (100% vs 87.5% and 33.9% vs 29.7%, respectively).

          Conclusion

          The IADMAS developed in this study is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing antidiabetic medication adherence among Iraqi patients.

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          Most cited references27

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          IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040.

          K. Ogurtsova, J.D. da Rocha Fernandes, Y. Huang … (2017)
          To produce current estimates of the national, regional and global impact of diabetes for 2015 and 2040.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1493 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management

            Arun Chaudhury, Chitharanjan Duvoor, Vijaya Sena Reddy Dendi … (2017)
            Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global pandemic, as evident from the global cartographic picture of diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation (http://www.diabetesatlas.org/). Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic condition chiefly characterized by hyperglycemia. Impaired insulin secretion, resistance to tissue actions of insulin, or a combination of both are thought to be the commonest reasons contributing to the pathophysiology of T2DM, a spectrum of disease originally arising from tissue insulin resistance and gradually progressing to a state characterized by complete loss of secretory activity of the beta cells of the pancreas. T2DM is a major contributor to the very large rise in the rate of non-communicable diseases affecting developed as well as developing nations. In this mini review, we endeavor to outline the current management principles, including the spectrum of medications that are currently used for pharmacologic management, for lowering the elevated blood glucose in T2DM.
            Article 0 comments Cited 340 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many.

              M A Whooley, A Avins, J. Miranda … (1997)
              To determine the validity of a two-question case-finding instrument for depression as compared with six previously validated instruments. The test characteristics of a two-question case-finding instrument that asks about depressed mood and anhedonia were compared with six common case-finding instruments, using the Quick Diagnostic Interview Schedule as a criterion standard for the diagnosis of major depression. Urgent care clinic at the San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Five hundred thirty-six consecutive adult patients without mania or schizophrenia. Measurements were two questions from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders patient questionnaire, both the long and short forms of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, both the long and short forms of the Book Depression Inventory, the Symptom-Driven Diagnostic System for Primary Care, the Medical Outcomes Study depression measure, and the Quick Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The prevalence of depression, as determined by the standardized interview, was 18% (97 of 536). Overall, the case-finding instruments had sensitivities of 89% to 96% and specificities of 51% to 72% for diagnosing major depression. A positive response to the two-item instrument had a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90-99%) and a specificity of 57% (95% CI 53-62%). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were similar for all of the instruments, with a range of 0.82 to 0.89. The two-question case-finding instrument is a useful measure for detecting depression in primary care. It has similar test characteristics to other case-finding instruments and is less time-consuming.
              Article 0 comments Cited 286 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care
                Journal ID (hwp): bmjdrc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bmjdrc
                Title: BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
                Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2052-4897
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 July 2019
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e000658
                Affiliations
                [1 ]departmentClinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy , University of Baghdad , Baghdad, Iraq
                [2 ]departmentDepartment of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
                [3 ]departmentSchool of Pharmacy , Al-Rafidain University College , Baghdad, Iraq
                [4 ]departmentNational Diabetes Center , Al-Mustansiriyah University , Baghdad, Iraq
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Ehab Mudher Mikhael; ehab_pharma84@ 123456yahoo.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-4978
                Article
                Publisher ID: bmjdrc-2019-000658
                DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000658
                PMC ID: 6626478
                PubMed ID: 31354953
                SO-VID: e788d3f9-15f2-4a11-ba52-7b11fa194d14
                Copyright © © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See:  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 25 January 2019
                Date revision received : 06 May 2019
                Date accepted : 03 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Emerging Technologies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics
                Subject: 1506
                Custom metadata
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                Keywords: anti-diabetic drugs,medication adherence
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anti-diabetic drugs, medication adherence

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