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      Extensive gene rearrangements in the mitochondrial genomes of two egg parasitoids, Trichogramma japonicum and Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae)

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          Abstract

          Animal mitochondrial genomes usually exhibit conserved gene arrangement across major lineages, while those in the Hymenoptera are known to possess frequent rearrangements, as are those of several other orders of insects. Here, we sequenced two complete mitochondrial genomes of Trichogramma japonicum and Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae). In total, 37 mitochondrial genes were identified in both species. The same gene arrangement pattern was found in the two species, with extensive gene rearrangement compared with the ancestral insect mitochondrial genome. Most tRNA genes and all protein-coding genes were encoded on the minority strand. In total, 15 tRNA genes and seven protein-coding genes were rearranged. The rearrangements of cox1 and nad2 as well as most tRNA genes were novel. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of protein-coding genes and on gene arrangement patterns produced identical topologies that support the relationship of (Agaonidae + Pteromalidae) + Trichogrammatidae in Chalcidoidea. CREx analysis revealed eight rearrangement operations occurred from presumed ancestral gene order of Chalcidoidea to form the derived gene order of Trichogramma. Our study shows that gene rearrangement information in Chalcidoidea can potentially contribute to the phylogeny of Chalcidoidea when more mitochondrial genome sequences are available.

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          Most cited references52

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          tRNAscan-SE: A Program for Improved Detection of Transfer RNA Genes in Genomic Sequence

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            Big trees from little genomes: mitochondrial gene order as a phylogenetic tool.

            Gene arrangement comparisons are a powerful tool for phylogenetic studies, especially those focused on ancient relationships. Recent reports using metazoan mitochondrial genomes address evolutionary relationships as well as rates and mechanisms of rearrangement. Mitochondrial systems serve as a model for larger-scale comparisons of whole organismal genomes and a stimulus for developing methods for reconstructing the patterns of rearrangement.
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              Gene translocation links insects and crustaceans.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yxli@njau.edu.cn
                shujun268@163.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                4 May 2018
                4 May 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 7034
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9750 7019, GRID grid.27871.3b, Department of Entomology, , Nanjing Agricultural University, ; Nanjing, 210095 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0646 9053, GRID grid.418260.9, Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, , Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, ; Beijing, 100097 China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9546 5767, GRID grid.20561.30, Department of Entomology, , South China Agricultural University, ; Guangzhou, 510640 China
                Article
                25338
                10.1038/s41598-018-25338-3
                5935716
                29728615
                e7951ecb-1ae3-4cac-a343-7a5b210fee6e
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 31 January 2017
                : 20 April 2018
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