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      Variaciones genéticas, polimorfismos y reabsorción radicular externa asociada a tratamientos ortodóncicos. Revisión de literatura Translated title: Genetic Variations, Polymorphisms and external apical root resorption associated with orthodontic treatments. Literature review

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          Abstract

          Resumen Aunque la reabsorción radicular apical externa (RRAE) es una secuela común y poco deseable de los tratamientos ortodóncicos, esta puede ocurrir también en ausencia de éste. El origen, grado y severidad de la RRAE durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia es multifactorial, involucrando tanto a factores biológicos como ambientales. Dentro de los factores biológicos, los factores genéticos representan al menos el 50% de la variación en la RRAE. La variación genética en pacientes sometidos a tratamientos de ortodoncia ha sido reportada en estudios de heredabilidad, in vitro, retrospectivos y metanalisis, entre otros, con el fin de dar a conocer las variables genéticas y polimorfismos y pueden ayudar a explicar las diferentes respuestas al tratamiento ortodóntico en los pacientes. El estudio de los polimorfismos genéticos se ha convertido en tema de gran interés y debate, debido a la importancia que parecen tener como moduladores de los procesos de reabsorción ósea. Por esta razón el objetivo de este artículo fue hacer una revisión acerca de las principales variaciones genéticas y polimorfismos que se relacionan con la RRAE en pacientes tratados ortodónticamente.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract External Apical Root Reabsorption (EARR) is a common and undesiderable orthodontic treatments sequel, but it may also occur in absence of orthodontic treatment. The origin, extent and severity of EARR during orthodontic treatment are multifactorial, involving both biologic and environmental factors. Genetic factors represent at least 50% of the variation in EARR. The genetic variation in patients undergoing orthodontic treatments has been reported in studies of heritability, in vitro, retrospective and meta-analysis, among others, in order to introduce the genetic variables and polymorphisms, helping to explain the different responses to orthodontic treatment. Genetic polymorphisms may explaining different responses to orthodontic treatment in patients. The study of genetic polymorphisms has become a topic of great interest and debate, because of the importance they seem to have as modulators of bone reabsorption processes. For this reason, the objective of this article is to make a review about the main genetic variables and polymorphisms in association with EARR in patients treated orthodontically.

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          Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption.

          To elucidate possible treatment-related etiological factors--such as, duration of treatment and apical displacement--for external root resorption. Meta-analysis of the available English-language literature. Papers with a sample size > 10, fixed appliances, pre- and post-operative radiographs, and apical displacement recorded were included. History of trauma, prior root resorption and endodontic treatment were excluded. Appropriateness of these selections was tested with a 'funnel plot' analysis. Correlations between root resorption, apical displacement, and treatment duration. Mean apical root resorption was strongly correlated with total apical displacement (r = 0.822) and treatment duration (r = 0.852). The treatment-related causes of root resorption appear to be the total distance the apex had moved and the time it took.
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            Polymorphisms in the osteopontin promoter affect its transcriptional activity.

            Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie regulation of transcription of the human osteopontin encoding gene (OPN) may help to clarify several processes, such as fibrotic evolution of organ damage, tumorigenesis and metastasis, and immune response, in which OPN overexpression is observed. With the aim to evaluate variants with functional effect on transcription, we have analyzed the promoter region and focused our investigation on three common variants present in the first 500 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Transfection of constructs carrying the four most frequent haplotypes relative to variants at -66, -156, and -443 fused to the luciferase reporter gene in a panel of different cell lines showed that one haplotype conferred a significantly reduced level of reporter gene expression in all tested cell lines. We describe that the -66 polymorphism modifies the binding affinity for the SP1/SP3 transcription factors, the -156 polymorphism is included in a yet uncharacterized RUNX2 binding site, and the -443 polymorphism causes differential binding of an unknown factor. The finding of differential effects of various combination of variants in haplotypes may contribute to explain data of association studies reported in several already published articles. Future association studies using haplotypes instead of single OPN variants will allow to achieve more accurate results referable to differential expression of OPN in several common diseases, in which OPN is considered a candidate susceptibility gene.
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              Detection of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment by using panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography of super-high resolution.

              Apical root resorption is an adverse side effect of orthodontic treatment. We compared panoramic radiography (OPT) with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in evaluating orthodontically induced apical root resorption. The study sample comprised 275 teeth in 22 patients near the end of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Two calibrated examiners assessed blindly the presence or absence and the severity of apical root resorption on the OPT images after treatment and the corresponding reconstructed CBCT images. Resorption was evaluated as no, mild, moderate, severe, and extreme. On the OPT images, 17 teeth (6.2%) could not be evaluated. Statistically significant differences were found between the 2 methods: 56.5% and 31% of the teeth showed no resorption by OPT and CBCT, respectively; 33.5% and 49% of the teeth showed mild resorption, whereas 8% and 19% showed moderate resorption by OPT and CBCT, respectively. Severe resorption was found in only 2 teeth by CBCT. Apical root resorption after orthodontic tooth movement is underestimated when evaluated on OPT. CBCT might be a useful complementary diagnostic method to conventional radiography, to be applied when a decision on continuation or modification of the orthodontic treatment is necessary because of orthodontically induced root resorption.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ceso
                CES Odontología
                CES odontol.
                Universidad CES - Facultad de Odontología (Medellìn, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0120-971X
                June 2018
                : 31
                : 1
                : 47-56
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile Chile
                Article
                S0120-971X2018000100047
                10.21615/cesodon.31.1.5
                e7ab2104-94e2-472f-ac0d-0da6a215b79f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : February 2018
                : March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                predisposición genética,polimorfismo genético,root resorption,reabsorción radicular,genetic predisposition,polymorphism,genetic

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