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      Sars-Cov-2 in children – insights and conclusions from the mandatory reporting data in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March–July 2020 Translated title: Sars-Cov-2 bei Kindern – Erkenntnisse und Schlussfolgerungen aus den Meldedaten in Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland, März–Juli 2020

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          Abstract

          Introduction: From the beginning of the corona pandemic until August 19, 2020, more than 21,989,366 cases have been reported worldwide – 228,495 in Germany alone, including 12,648 children aged 0–14. In many countries, the proportion of infected children in the total population is comparatively low; in addition, children often have no or milder symptoms and are less likely to transmit the pathogen to adults than the other way round. Based on the registration data in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the symptoms of children in comparison with adults and the likely routes of transmission are presented below.

          Materials and methods: The documentation of the mandatory reports includes personal data (name, date of birth, gender, place of residence), disease characteristics (date of report, date of onset of the disease, symptoms), possible contact persons (family, others) and i.a. possible activity or care in children’s community facilities. All reports were viewed, especially with regard to likely transmission routes.

          Results: From March 1 to July 31, 2020, 1,977 infected people were reported, including 138 children between the ages of 0 and 14 years. Children had fewer and milder symptoms than adults. None of the children experienced severe respiratory symptoms or the need for ventilation. 62% of the children had no symptoms at all (19% adults), 5% of the children were hospitalized (24% adults), and none of the children died (3.8% adults).

          After excluding a cluster of 34 children from refugee accommodations and 14 children from a parish, 78% of the remaining 90 children had been infected by an adult within the family, and only 4% were likely to have a reverse transmission route. In 5.5% of cases, transmission in a community facility was likely.

          Discussion: The results of the registration data from Frankfurt am Main, Germany confirm the results published in other countries: Children are less likely to become infected, and if infected, their symptoms are less severe than in adults, and they are apparently not the main drivers of virus transmission. Therefore, scientific medical associations strongly recommend reopening schools.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einführung: Seit Beginn der Corona-Pandemie sind bis 19.08.2020 weltweit mehr als 21.989.366 Fälle gemeldet worden – alleine in Deutschland 228.495, darunter 12.648 Kinder im Alter von 0–14 Jahren. In vielen Ländern ist der Anteil der infizierten Kinder in der Gesamtpopulation vergleichsweise gering, darüber hinaus haben Kinder häufig keine oder leichtere Symptome und übertragen den Erreger seltener aus Erwachsene als dies umgekehrt geschieht. Anhand der Meldedaten aus Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland, sollen nachfolgend die Symptome von Kindern im Vergleich mit Erwachsenen sowie die wahrscheinlichen Übertragungswege dargestellt werden.

          Material und Methoden: Die Dokumentation der Meldungen umfassen persönliche Daten (Name, Geburtsdatum, Geschlecht, Wohnort), Krankheitscharakteristika (Meldedatum, Datum des Erkrankungsbeginns, Symptome), mögliche Kontaktpersonen (Familie, andere) und u.a. eventuelle Tätigkeit oder Betreuung in Kindergemeinschaftseinrichtungen. Alle Meldungen wurden gesichtet, insbesondere auch im Hinblick auf wahrscheinliche Übertragungswege.

          Ergebnisse: Von 1. März bis 31. Juli 2020 wurden 1.977 infizierte Personen gemeldet, darunter 138 Kinder im Alter von 0 bis 14 Jahren. Kinder hatten weniger und leichtere Symptome als Erwachsene. Schwere Atemwegssymptome oder eine Beatmungspflicht traten bei keinem der Kinder auf. 62% der Kinder hatten keine Symptome (19% Erwachsene), 5% der Kinder wurden in ein Krankenhaus eingewiesen (24% Erwachsene), kein Kind verstarb (3,8% Erwachsene).

          Nach Ausschluss von einem Cluster von 34 Kinder aus Flüchtlingsunterkünften und von 14 Kindern aus einer Kirchengemeinde zeigte sich bei den verbliebenen 90 Kindern, dass 78% von ihnen innerhalb der Familie von einem Erwachsenen infiziert worden waren, und nur in 4% war ein umgekehrter Übertragungsweg wahrscheinlich. Bei 5,5% der Fälle war eine Übertragung in einer Kindergemeinschaftseinrichtung wahrscheinlich.

          Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse der Meldedaten aus Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland bestätigen die aus anderen Ländern publizierten Ergebnisse: Kinder erkranken seltener und weniger schwer als Erwachsene und sind offenbar nicht die Haupt-Überträger des Virus. Vor diesem Hintergrund empfehlen medizinische Fachgesellschaften dringend die Wiederöffnung der Schulen.

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          Epidemiological Characteristics of 2143 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China

          To identify the epidemiological characteristics and transmission patterns of pediatric patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China.
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            Systematic review of COVID‐19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults

            Abstract Aim The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has affected hundreds of thousands of people. Data on symptoms and prognosis in children are rare. Methods A systematic literature review was carried out to identify papers on COVID‐19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), using the MEDLINE and Embase databases between January 1 and March 18, 2020. Results The search identified 45 relevant scientific papers and letters. The review showed that children have so far accounted for 1%‐5% of diagnosed COVID‐19 cases, they often have milder disease than adults and deaths have been extremely rare. Diagnostic findings have been similar to adults, with fever and respiratory symptoms being prevalent, but fewer children seem to have developed severe pneumonia. Elevated inflammatory markers were less common in children, and lymphocytopenia seemed rare. Newborn infants have developed symptomatic COVID‐19, but evidence of vertical intrauterine transmission was scarce. Suggested treatment included providing oxygen, inhalations, nutritional support and maintaining fluids and electrolyte balances. Conclusions The coronavirus disease 2019 has occurred in children, but they seemed to have a milder disease course and better prognosis than adults. Deaths were extremely rare.
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              School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review

              Summary In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, 107 countries had implemented national school closures by March 18, 2020. It is unknown whether school measures are effective in coronavirus outbreaks (eg, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], Middle East respiratory syndrome, or COVID-19). We undertook a systematic review by searching three electronic databases to identify what is known about the effectiveness of school closures and other school social distancing practices during coronavirus outbreaks. We included 16 of 616 identified articles. School closures were deployed rapidly across mainland China and Hong Kong for COVID-19. However, there are no data on the relative contribution of school closures to transmission control. Data from the SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Singapore suggest that school closures did not contribute to the control of the epidemic. Modelling studies of SARS produced conflicting results. Recent modelling studies of COVID-19 predict that school closures alone would prevent only 2–4% of deaths, much less than other social distancing interventions. Policy makers need to be aware of the equivocal evidence when considering school closures for COVID-19, and that combinations of social distancing measures should be considered. Other less disruptive social distancing interventions in schools require further consideration if restrictive social distancing policies are implemented for long periods.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2196-5226
                09 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : Doc24
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Public Health Department of the City of Frankfurt am Main, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ursel Heudorf, MDRO Network Rhine-Main, Breite Gasse 28, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Phone: 0049 6921248884, E-mail: mre-rhein-main@ 123456stadt-frankfurt.de
                Article
                dgkh000359 Doc24 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0003598
                10.3205/dgkh000359
                7656974
                33214989
                e7be19ca-db78-4b0f-9a86-68ceb5e66779
                Copyright © 2020 Heudorf et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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                sars-cov-2,covid-19,children,mandatory reporting,public health department,symptoms,transmission routes

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