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      Epilepsy and Its Interaction With Sleep and Circadian Rhythm

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          Abstract

          Growing evidence shows the bidirectional interactions between sleep, circadian rhythm, and epilepsy. Comprehending how these interact with each other may help to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of epilepsy and develop new treatment strategies to improve seizure control by reducing the medication side effects and the risks associated with seizures. In this review, we present the overview of different temporal patterns of interictal epileptiform discharges and epileptic seizures over a period of 24 consecutive hours. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the core-clock gene in periodic seizure occurrences. Finally, we outline the role of circadian patterns of seizures on seizure forecasting models and its implication for chronotherapy in epilepsy.

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          The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator.

          Nicolas Preitner, Francesca Damiola, Luis-Lopez-Molina … (2002)
          Mammalian circadian rhythms are generated by a feedback loop in which BMAL1 and CLOCK, players of the positive limb, activate transcription of the cryptochrome and period genes, components of the negative limb. Bmal1 and Per transcription cycles display nearly opposite phases and are thus governed by different mechanisms. Here, we identify the orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha as the major regulator of cyclic Bmal1 transcription. Circadian Rev-erbalpha expression is controlled by components of the general feedback loop. Thus, REV-ERBalpha constitutes a molecular link through which components of the negative limb drive antiphasic expression of components of the positive limb. While REV-ERBalpha influences the period length and affects the phase-shifting properties of the clock, it is not required for circadian rhythm generation.
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            Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock.

            Carrie L. Partch, Carla B Green, Joseph S Takahashi (2014)
            Circadian clocks coordinate physiology and behavior with the 24h solar day to provide temporal homeostasis with the external environment. The molecular clocks that drive these intrinsic rhythmic changes are based on interlocked transcription/translation feedback loops that integrate with diverse environmental and metabolic stimuli to generate internal 24h timing. In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the core molecular clock and how it utilizes diverse transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to impart temporal control onto mammalian physiology. Understanding the way in which biological rhythms are generated throughout the body may provide avenues for temporally directed therapeutics to improve health and prevent disease. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease.

              Joseph S Takahashi, Hee-Kyung Hong, Caroline Ko … (2008)
              Circadian cycles affect a variety of physiological processes, and disruptions of normal circadian biology therefore have the potential to influence a range of disease-related pathways. The genetic basis of circadian rhythms is well studied in model organisms and, more recently, studies of the genetic basis of circadian disorders has confirmed the conservation of key players in circadian biology from invertebrates to humans. In addition, important advances have been made in understanding how these molecules influence physiological functions in tissues throughout the body. Together, these studies set the scene for applying our knowledge of circadian biology to the understanding and treatment of a range of human diseases, including cancer and metabolic and behavioural disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Neurol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Neurol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Neurol.
                Title: Frontiers in Neurology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-2295
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 327
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou, China
                [2] 2Barrow Neurological Institute, Epilepsy Center , Phoenix, AZ, United States
                [3] 3Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Andrea Romigi, Mediterranean Neurological Institute (IRCCS), Italy

                Reviewed by: Michelangelo Maestri, Pisana University Hospital, Italy; Sreekanth Puttachary, Oregon State University, United States; Fabio Placidi, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Italy

                *Correspondence: Shuang Wang wangs77@ 123456zju.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Epilepsy, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00327
                PMC ID: 7225332
                PubMed ID: 32457690
                SO-VID: e7d243ad-f9a0-4d72-bb48-f94f5bba56bd
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Jin, Aung, Geng and Wang.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 01 December 2019
                Date accepted : 03 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 81, Pages: 7, Words: 5696
                Categories
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: epilepsy,sleep,circadian rhythms,chronotherapy,seizure forecasting
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: epilepsy, sleep, circadian rhythms, chronotherapy, seizure forecasting

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