Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and has a high mortality
rate. We tested the hypothesis that only one flexible sigmoidoscopy screening between
55 and 64 years of age can substantially reduce colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
This randomised controlled trial was undertaken in 14 UK centres. 170 432 eligible
men and women, who had indicated on a previous questionnaire that they would accept
an invitation for screening, were randomly allocated to the intervention group (offered
flexible sigmoidoscopy screening) or the control group (not contacted). Randomisation
by sequential number generation was done centrally in blocks of 12, with stratification
by trial centre, general practice, and household type. The primary outcomes were the
incidence of colorectal cancer, including prevalent cases detected at screening, and
mortality from colorectal cancer. Analyses were intention to treat and per protocol.
The trial is registered, number ISRCTN28352761.
113 195 people were assigned to the control group and 57 237 to the intervention group,
of whom 112 939 and 57 099, respectively, were included in the final analyses. 40
674 (71%) people underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy. During screening and median follow-up
of 11.2 years (IQR 10.7-11.9), 2524 participants were diagnosed with colorectal cancer
(1818 in control group vs 706 in intervention group) and 20 543 died (13 768 vs 6775;
727 certified from colorectal cancer [538 vs 189]). In intention-to-treat analyses,
colorectal cancer incidence in the intervention group was reduced by 23% (hazard ratio
0.77, 95% CI 0.70-0.84) and mortality by 31% (0.69, 0.59-0.82). In per-protocol analyses,
adjusting for self-selection bias in the intervention group, incidence of colorectal
cancer in people attending screening was reduced by 33% (0.67, 0.60-0.76) and mortality
by 43% (0.57, 0.45-0.72). Incidence of distal colorectal cancer (rectum and sigmoid
colon) was reduced by 50% (0.50, 0.42-0.59; secondary outcome). The numbers needed
to be screened to prevent one colorectal cancer diagnosis or death, by the end of
the study period, were 191 (95% CI 145-277) and 489 (343-852), respectively.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a safe and practical test and, when offered only once between
ages 55 and 64 years, confers a substantial and longlasting benefit.
Medical Research Council, National Health Service R&D, Cancer Research UK, KeyMed.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.