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      Serological Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi among Horses in Korea

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          Abstract

          Lyme disease is a tick-borne zoonotic infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. The present study assessed the infection status of B. burgdorferi among horses reared in Korea using ELISA and PCR. Between 2009 and 2013, blood samples were collected from 727 horses throughout Korea. Data for each animal including age, gender, breed, and region of sample collection were used for epidemiological analysis. Overall, 38 (5.2%; true prevalence: 5.5%) of 727 horses were seropositive by ELISA. There were statistically significant differences according to breed and region ( P<0.001) whose differences might be attributed to the ecology of vector ticks and climate conditions. Using 2 nested PCR, none of the samples tested positive for B. burgdorferi. Thus, a positive ELISA result can indicate only that the tested horse was previously exposed to B. burgdorferi, with no certainty over the time of exposure. Since global warming is likely to increase the abundance of ticks in Korea, continuous monitoring of tick-borne diseases in Korean horses is needed.

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          Most cited references29

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          Veterinary Epidemiology

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            Exact confidence limits for prevalence of a disease with an imperfect diagnostic test.

            Estimation of prevalence of disease, including construction of confidence intervals, is essential in surveys for screening as well as in monitoring disease status. In most analyses of survey data it is implicitly assumed that the diagnostic test has a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. However, this assumption is invalid in most cases. Furthermore, asymptotic methods using the normal distribution as an approximation of the true sampling distribution may not preserve the desired nominal confidence level. Here we proposed exact two-sided confidence intervals for the prevalence of disease, taking into account sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test. We illustrated the advantage of the methods with results of an extensive simulation study and real-life examples.
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              Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe: transmission dynamics in multi-host systems, influence of molecular processes and effects of climate change.

              The analysis of different multi-host systems suggests that even hosts that are not capable of transmitting Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) to the tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, or that are secondary reservoirs for these agents contribute to the intensity of transmission and to the overall risk of Lyme borreliosis, through the process of vector augmentation and pathogen amplification. On the other hand, above certain threshold densities, or in the presence of competition with primary reservoir hosts or low attachment rate of ticks to reservoir hosts, incompetent or less competent hosts may reduce transmission through dilution. The transmission of B. burgdorferi s.l. is affected by molecular processes at the tick-host interface including mechanisms for the protection of spirochaetes against the host's immune response. Molecular biology also increasingly provides important identification tools for the study of tick-borne disease agents. Ixodes ricinus and B. burgdorferi s.l. are expanding their geographical range to northern latitudes and to higher altitudes through the effects of climate change on host populations and on tick development, survival and seasonal activity. The integration of quantitative ecology with molecular methodology is central to a better understanding of the factors that determine the main components of Lyme borreliosis eco-epidemiology and should result in more accurate predictions of the effects of climate change on the circulation of pathogens in nature. © 2011 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Korean J Parasitol
                Korean J. Parasitol
                KJP
                The Korean Journal of Parasitology
                The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine
                0023-4001
                1738-0006
                February 2016
                26 February 2016
                : 54
                : 1
                : 97-101
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
                [2 ]Division of Veterinary Service Lab, Institute of Public Health & Environment, Incheon 22320, Korea
                [3 ]Smile Equine Clinic, Busan 46745, Korea
                [4 ]Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
                [5 ]Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea
                [6 ]Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
                Author notes
                *Corresponding author ( dmkwak@ 123456knu.ac.kr )
                Article
                kjp-54-1-97
                10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.97
                4792323
                26951987
                e804da60-e699-475a-b62d-765a37c920de
                © 2016, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 11 September 2015
                : 29 December 2015
                : 30 December 2015
                Categories
                Brief Communication

                Parasitology
                borrelia burgdorferi,equine,elisa,pcr,serology
                Parasitology
                borrelia burgdorferi, equine, elisa, pcr, serology

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