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      Correction: Social Complexification and Pig ( Sus scrofa) Husbandry in Ancient China: A Combined Geometric Morphometric and Isotopic Approach

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      The PLOS ONE Staff
      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          There is a shading error in the three molar shape reconstructions in Fig 3. Please view Fig 3 here. The publisher apologizes for the error. 10.1371/journal.pone.0162134.g001 Fig 3 Molar shape differences between the two extent wild boar sub-species and the domestic pigs of China. First canonical variates (CV) computed on size corrected shape variables. The molar shape divergence between the wild and domestic type along the CV1 is displayed by shape reconstruction on each axes extremity; the divergence between the two wild boar sub-species is displayed along the CV2. Confidence ellipses contain 90% of the data points with a 0.9 probability.

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          Social Complexification and Pig (Sus scrofa) Husbandry in Ancient China: A Combined Geometric Morphometric and Isotopic Approach

          Pigs have played a major role in the economic, social and symbolic systems of China since the Early Neolithic more than 8,000 years ago. However, the interaction between the history of pig domestication and transformations in Chinese society since then, have not been fully explored. In this paper, we investigated the co-evolution from the earliest farming communities through to the new political and economic models of state-like societies, up to the Chinese Empire, using 5,000 years of archaeological records from the Xiawanggang (XWG) and Xinzhai (XZ) sites (Henan Province). To trace the changes of pig populations against husbandry practices, we combined the geometric morphometric analysis of dental traits with a study of the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from bone collagen. The domestication process intensified during the Neolithic Yangshao, prompted by greater selective pressure and/or better herd control against wild introgression. After that, pig farming, in XWG, relied on local livestock and a gradual change of husbandry practices overtime. This was characterized by a gentle increase in millet foddering and animal protein intake, until a complete change over to household management during the Han dynasty. The only rupture in this steady trend of husbandry occurred during the Longshan period, with the appearance of small sized and idiosyncratic pigs with specific feeding practices (relying on millet and household scraps). From three exploratory hypothesis, we explored the possibility of anti-elite pig production in XWG during the Longshan period, as a means to resist incorporation into a new economic model promoting intensified domestic production. This exploratory hypothesis is the most suitable to our dataset; however, numerous areas need to be explored further in order to adequately document the role of pigs in the rise of China’s complex societies.
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            Author and article information

            Journal
            PLoS One
            PLoS ONE
            plos
            plosone
            PLoS ONE
            Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
            1932-6203
            25 August 2016
            2016
            : 11
            : 8
            : e0162134
            Article
            PONE-D-16-33161
            10.1371/journal.pone.0162134
            4999200
            27561089
            e807bcdf-7262-4d83-9bba-de5205f6fbf4
            © 2016 The PLOS ONE Staff

            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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