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      Antisense regulation by transposon-derived RNAs in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

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          Abstract

          We report the first example of antisense RNA regulation in a hyperthermophilic archaeon. In Sulfolobus solfataricus, the transposon-derived paralogous RNAs, RNA-257 1–4, show extended complementarity to the 3′ UTR of the 1183 mRNA, encoding a putative phosphate transporter. Phosphate limitation results in decreased RNA-257 1 and increased 1183 mRNA levels. Correspondingly, the 1183 mRNA is faster degraded in vitro upon duplex formation with RNA-257 1. Insertion of the 1183 3′ UTR downstream of the lacS gene results in strongly reduced lacS mRNA levels in transformed cells, indicating that antisense regulation can function in trans.

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          Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.

          Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is an important regulator of gene expression in many eukaryotes. It triggers different types of gene silencing that are collectively referred to as RNA silencing or RNA interference. A key step in known silencing pathways is the processing of dsRNAs into short RNA duplexes of characteristic size and structure. These short dsRNAs guide RNA silencing by specific and distinct mechanisms. Many components of the RNA silencing machinery still need to be identified and characterized, but a more complete understanding of the process is imminent.
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            Regulatory RNAs in bacteria.

            Bacteria possess numerous and diverse means of gene regulation using RNA molecules, including mRNA leaders that affect expression in cis, small RNAs that bind to proteins or base pair with target RNAs, and CRISPR RNAs that inhibit the uptake of foreign DNA. Although examples of RNA regulators have been known for decades in bacteria, we are only now coming to a full appreciation of their importance and prevalence. Here, we review the known mechanisms and roles of regulatory RNAs, highlight emerging themes, and discuss remaining questions.
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              cis-antisense RNA, another level of gene regulation in bacteria.

              A substantial amount of antisense transcription is a hallmark of gene expression in eukaryotes. However, antisense transcription was first demonstrated in bacteria almost 50 years ago. The transcriptomes of bacteria as different as Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Vibrio cholerae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Staphylococcus aureus have now been reported to contain antisense RNA (asRNA) transcripts for a high percentage of genes. Bacterial asRNAs share functional similarities with trans-acting regulatory RNAs, but in addition, they use their own distinct mechanisms. Among their confirmed functional roles are transcription termination, codegradation, control of translation, transcriptional interference, and enhanced stability of their respective target transcripts. Here, we review recent publications indicating that asRNAs occur as frequently in simple unicellular bacteria as they do in higher organisms, and we provide a comprehensive overview of the experimentally confirmed characteristics of asRNA actions and intimately linked quantitative aspects. Emerging functional data suggest that asRNAs in bacteria mediate a plethora of effects and are involved in far more processes than were previously anticipated. Thus, the functional impact of asRNAs should be considered when developing new strategies against pathogenic bacteria and when optimizing bacterial strains for biotechnology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                EMBO Rep
                EMBO Rep
                EMBO Reports
                Nature Publishing Group
                1469-221X
                1469-3178
                June 2013
                12 April 2013
                12 April 2013
                : 14
                : 6
                : 527-533
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna , Dr Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]Department of Genetics in Ecology, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
                Author notes
                [a ]Tel:+43 1 427754609; Fax:+43 1 42779546;E-mail: udo.blaesi@ 123456univie.ac.at
                Article
                embor201347
                10.1038/embor.2013.47
                3674436
                23579342
                e80c7b40-54c6-4301-a98e-51fba4a33eef
                Copyright © 2013, European Molecular Biology Organization

                This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.

                History
                : 04 September 2012
                : 18 March 2013
                : 18 March 2013
                Categories
                Scientific Reports

                Molecular biology
                sulfolobus solfataricus,non-coding rna,antisense regulation
                Molecular biology
                sulfolobus solfataricus, non-coding rna, antisense regulation

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