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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

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      A Review of Biomimetic Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems Based on Cell Membranes

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          Abstract

          Cancers have always been an intractable problem because of recurrence and drug resistance. In the past few decades, nanoparticles have been explored intensely to diagnose, prevent and treat malignancy due to their good penetrability and better targeting. However, most nanocarriers have poor biodegradation and can be discharged out of the body quickly or cleared by immune cells while failing to obtain effective drug concentration at the specific sites. The emergence of biological membrane encapsulation technology relieves the fast clearance of antitumor drugs and reduces toxicity in vivo. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of several blood cell membrane-coated nanoparticles and further introduce exosome-carried drugs to evidence the promising prospect of biomimetic nanoparticle drug delivery systems.

          Most cited references53

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          The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes

          The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and in organ homeostasis and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ~100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. The biogenesis of exosomes involves their origin in endosomes, and subsequent interactions with other intracellular vesicles and organelles generate the final content of the exosomes. Their diverse constituents include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, which can reflect their cell of origin. In various diseases, exosomes offer a window into altered cellular or tissue states, and their detection in biological fluids potentially offers a multicomponent diagnostic readout. The efficient exchange of cellular components through exosomes can inform their applied use in designing exosome-based therapeutics.
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            Exosomes Facilitate Therapeutic Targeting of Oncogenic Kras in Pancreatic Cancer

            Summary The mutant form of the GTPase KRAS is a key driver of pancreatic cancer but remains a challenging therapeutic target. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles generated by all cells, are naturally present in the blood. Here we demonstrate that enhanced retention of exosomes in circulation, compared to liposomes, is due to CD47 mediated protection of exosomes from phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages. Exosomes derived from normal fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells were engineered to carry siRNA or shRNA specific to oncogenic KRASG12D (iExosomes), a common mutation in pancreatic cancer. Compared to liposomes, iExosomes target oncogenic Kras with an enhanced efficacy that is dependent on CD47, and is facilitated by macropinocytosis. iExosomes treatment suppressed cancer in multiple mouse models of pancreatic cancer and significantly increased their overall survival. Our results inform on a novel approach for direct and specific targeting of oncogenic Kras in tumors using iExosomes.
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              New Technologies for Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles

              Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse, nanoscale membrane vesicles actively released by cells. Similar sized vesicles can be further classified ( e.g. , exosomes, microvesicles) based on their biogenesis, size and biophysical properties. Although initially thought to be cellular debris, and thus under-appreciated, EVs are now increasingly recognized as important vehicles of intercellular communication and circulating biomarkers for disease diagnoses and prognosis. Despite their clinical potential, the lack of sensitive preparatory and analytical technologies for EVs poses a barrier to clinical translation. New analytical platforms including molecular ones are thus actively being developed to address these challenges. Recent advances in the field are expected to have far-reaching impact in both basic and translational studies. This article aims to present a comprehensive and critical overview of emerging analytical technologies for EV detection, and their clinical applications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                dddt
                dddt
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove
                1177-8881
                14 December 2020
                2020
                : 14
                : 5495-5503
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ] Jinling Hospital Department of Blood Transfusion, School of Medicine, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210002, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Baoan Chen Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province210009, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 25 83 27 2006Fax +86 25 83 27 2011 Email cba8888@hotmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-2647
                Article
                282368
                10.2147/DDDT.S282368
                7753887
                e8317783-2f24-4aab-8f88-19fa14cc275a
                © 2020 Zhang et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 16 September 2020
                : 03 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, References: 54, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Review

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                tumor,drug delivery systems,blood cells,biological membranes

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