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      Neural Correlates of Theory of Mind in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and the Comorbid Condition

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          Abstract

          Theory of mind (ToM) or mentalizing difficulties is reported in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the mechanism underpinning these apparently shared deficits is relatively unknown. Eighty-three young adult males, 19 with ASD alone, 21 with ADHD alone, 18 with dual diagnosis of ASD and ADHD, and 25 typically developing (TD) controls completed the functional magnetic resonance imaging version of the Frith-Happé animated-triangle ToM task. We compared neural function during ToM with two non-ToM conditions, random and goal directed motions, using whole-brain and region-of-interest analysis of brain activation and functional connectivity analyses. The groups showed comparable ToM task performance. All three clinical groups lacked local connectivity increase shown by TD controls during ToM in the right temporoparietal cortex, a key mentalizing region, with a differentially increased activation pattern in both ASD and comorbid groups relative to ADHD. Both ASD groups also showed reduced connectivity between right inferior lateral prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices that could reflect an atypical information transmission to the mentalizing network. In contrast, with mentalizing both ADHD groups showed decreasing connectivity between the medial prefrontal and left temporoparietal cortices when compared to TD controls. Therefore, despite the complex pattern of atypical brain function underpinning ToM across the three disorders, some neurofunctional abnormalities during ToM are associated with ASD and appeared differentiable from those associated with ADHD, with the comorbid group displaying combined abnormalities found in each condition.

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            Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders

            Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.
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              Nonparametric estimation of Shannon’s index of diversity when there are unseen species in sample

              Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205-223
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                06 November 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 544482
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London (KCL), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) , London, United Kingdom
                [2] 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience , Barcelona, Spain
                [3] 3Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona, Spain
                [4] 4Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
                [5] 5Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
                [6] 6Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
                [7] 7Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London, United Kingdom
                [8] 8Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , London, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Edited by: Sara Calderoni, Fondazione Stella Maris (IRCCS), Italy

                Reviewed by: Inna Fishman, San Diego State University, United States; Takashi Itahashi, Showa University, Japan; Ryu-Ichiro Hashimoto, Showa University, Japan

                *Correspondence: Steve Lukito steve.lukito@ 123456kcl.ac.uk

                This article was submitted to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                †These authors share first authorship

                ‡These authors share senior authorship

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2020.544482
                7677232
                33240117
                e87d9788-a251-4869-96ed-14d5ef5d4d0b
                Copyright © 2020 Ilzarbe, Lukito, Moessnang, O'Daly, Lythgoe, Murphy, Ashwood, Stoencheva, Rubia and Simonoff.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 March 2020
                : 25 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 87, Pages: 14, Words: 9833
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute for Health Research 10.13039/501100000272
                Funded by: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 10.13039/100009362
                Funded by: King's College London 10.13039/501100000764
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                theory of mind (tom),neurodevelopmental disorder,attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (adhd),autism spectrum disoder (asd),functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)

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