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      Asociación entre el humo ambiental de tabaco y el estado de salud en la población infantil Translated title: Association between exposure to second-hand smoke and health status in children

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo El objetivo principal del estudio es analizar la relación entre la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) en niños/as y el asma, las sibilancias y la salud percibida. Método Estudio transversal mediante encuesta telefónica a una muestra representativa de 2411 menores de 12 años de España. Se describió la exposición al HAT en el ámbito privado y en el ámbito público, así como la prevalencia de asma, sibilancias y mala salud percibida autodeclaradas. La asociación entre los indicadores de salud y la exposición al HAT se analizó mediante modelos multivariados de regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta según edad y nivel de estudios. Resultados La prevalencia de exposición al HAT en menores fue del 29,2% en el ámbito privado y del 42,5% en el ámbito público. No se observó asociación entre la exposición al HAT y el asma, las sibilancias y la mala salud percibida en menores de 5 años. En menores de 6-11 años con padres/madres con estudios primarios o secundarios, presentar asma (razón de prevalencia ajustada [RPa]: 2,1; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,2-3,8) y una peor salud percibida (RPa: 1,6; IC95%: 1,1-2,1) se asociaron positivamente con la exposición al HAT en el ámbito privado. En menores con progenitores o tutores con estudios universitarios se observó una asociación negativa entre presentar asma (RPa: 0,3; IC95%: 0,1-0,7) y sibilancias (RPa: 0,3; IC95%: 0,1-0,8) y la exposición al HAT. Conclusiones Existen diferencias en la asociación entre la exposición al HAT y el asma, las sibilancias y una peor salud percibida según el nivel de estudios. Se deberían planificar intervenciones con perspectiva de equidad dirigidas a disminuir la exposición al HAT en la infancia.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective This study aimed to estimate the association between second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in children and asthma, wheezing and perceived health. Method A cross-sectional study based on a telephone survey was performed on a representative sample of 2411 children under 12 years old in Spain. Exposure to SHS in private and public settings, and the prevalence of asthma, wheezing and perceived poor health were described. The association between health indicators and SHS exposure was analyzed using multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance according to age and educational level. Results The prevalence of SHS exposure in children was 29.2% in private settings and 42.5% in public settings. There was no association between SHS exposure and asthma, wheezing and perceived poor health in children ≤5 years. In children aged 6-11 years with parents with primary/secondary education, presenting asthma (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 2.1; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.2-3.8) and worse perceived health (aPR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.1-2.1) were positively associated with SHS exposure in private settings. In children with parents with university studies, a negative association between SHS exposure and asthma (aPR: .3; 95%CI: 0.1-0.7) and wheezing (aPR: 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1-0.8) was observed. Conclusions There are differences in the association between SHS exposure and asthma, wheezing and poor perceived health according to educational level. Interventions with an equity perspective aimed at reducing SHS exposure in childhood should be implemented.

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          Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries.

          Exposure to second-hand smoke is common in many countries but the magnitude of the problem worldwide is poorly described. We aimed to estimate the worldwide exposure to second-hand smoke and its burden of disease in children and adult non-smokers in 2004. The burden of disease from second-hand smoke was estimated as deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for children and adult non-smokers. The calculations were based on disease-specific relative risk estimates and area-specific estimates of the proportion of people exposed to second-hand smoke, by comparative risk assessment methods, with data from 192 countries during 2004. Worldwide, 40% of children, 33% of male non-smokers, and 35% of female non-smokers were exposed to second-hand smoke in 2004. This exposure was estimated to have caused 379,000 deaths from ischaemic heart disease, 165,000 from lower respiratory infections, 36,900 from asthma, and 21,400 from lung cancer. 603,000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2004, which was about 1·0% of worldwide mortality. 47% of deaths from second-hand smoke occurred in women, 28% in children, and 26% in men. DALYs lost because of exposure to second-hand smoke amounted to 10·9 million, which was about 0·7% of total worldwide burden of diseases in DALYs in 2004. 61% of DALYs were in children. The largest disease burdens were from lower respiratory infections in children younger than 5 years (5,939,000), ischaemic heart disease in adults (2,836,000), and asthma in adults (1,246,000) and children (651,000). These estimates of worldwide burden of disease attributable to second-hand smoke suggest that substantial health gains could be made by extending effective public health and clinical interventions to reduce passive smoking worldwide. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and Bloomberg Philanthropies. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Education and health in 22 European countries.

            This study investigates educational health inequalities in 22 European countries. Moreover, age and gender differences in the association between education and health are analysed. The study uses data from the European Social Survey 2003. Probability sampling from all private residents aged 15 years and older was applied in all countries. The European Social Survey includes 42,359 cases. Persons under age 25 were excluded to minimise the number of respondents whose education was not complete. Education was coded according to the International Standard Classification of Education. Self-rated health and functional limitations were used as health indicators. Results of multiple logistic regression analyses show that people with low education (lower secondary or less) have elevated risks of poor self-rated health and functional limitations. Inequalities are relatively small in Austria, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, large inequalities were found for Hungary, Poland, and Portugal. Analyses of age differences reveal that health effects of education are stronger at ages 25-55 than in the higher age groups. However, age differences in the education-health association vary between countries, sexes, and health indicators. In conclusion, our results confirm that educational inequalities in health are a generalised though not invariant phenomenon. Variations between countries, sexes and health indicators might be one explanation for the inconsistent results of other studies on age differences in the association between socioeconomic position and health.
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              Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach.

              There is poor agreement on definitions of different phenotypes of preschool wheezing disorders. The present Task Force proposes to use the terms episodic (viral) wheeze to describe children who wheeze intermittently and are well between episodes, and multiple-trigger wheeze for children who wheeze both during and outside discrete episodes. Investigations are only needed when in doubt about the diagnosis. Based on the limited evidence available, inhaled short-acting beta(2)-agonists by metered-dose inhaler/spacer combination are recommended for symptomatic relief. Educating parents regarding causative factors and treatment is useful. Exposure to tobacco smoke should be avoided; allergen avoidance may be considered when sensitisation has been established. Maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is recommended for multiple-trigger wheeze; benefits are often small. Montelukast is recommended for the treatment of episodic (viral) wheeze and can be started when symptoms of a viral cold develop. Given the large overlap in phenotypes, and the fact that patients can move from one phenotype to another, inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast may be considered on a trial basis in almost any preschool child with recurrent wheeze, but should be discontinued if there is no clear clinical benefit. Large well-designed randomised controlled trials with clear descriptions of patients are needed to improve the present recommendations on the treatment of these common syndromes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                August 2020
                : 34
                : 4
                : 363-369
                Affiliations
                [4] orgnameCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) España
                [7] Barcelona orgnameGeneralitat de Catalunya orgdiv1Departament de Salut orgdiv2Direcció General de Planificació en Salut España
                [1] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat Pompeu Fabra orgdiv1Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut Spain
                [8] Santiago de Compostela A Coruña orgnameConsellería de Sanidade orgdiv1Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública España
                [9] Santiago de Compostela A Coruña orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública España
                [3] Barcelona orgnameInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Sant Pau España
                [5] Barcelona orgnameInstitut Català d'Oncologia España
                [2] Barcelona orgnameAgència de Salut Pública de Barcelona España
                [6] Barcelona orgnameInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge España
                Article
                S0213-91112020000400009 S0213-9111(20)03400400009
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.10.006
                30558817
                e885290b-c0e2-45ad-b076-409622f1d820

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 June 2018
                : 02 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Tobacco smoke pollution,Factores socioeconómicos,Asma,Respiratory sounds,Equidad,Asthma,Children,Equity,Ruidos respiratorios,Infancia,Contaminación por humo de tabaco,Socioeconomic factors

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