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      Infection surveillance measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany Translated title: Maßnahmen zur Infektionsüberwachung während der COVID-19 Pandemie in Deutschland

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          Abstract

          Introduction: To address the question as to which infection surveillance measures are used during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and how they differ from pre-existing approaches.

          Methods: In accordance with the systematic approach of a scoping review, a literature search was conducted in national and international medical literature databases using a search string. The search in the databases was limited to the period from 01.01.2000 to 15.11.2020 and has been subsequently completed by hand search until 08.03.2021. A hand search, even beyond 15.11.2020, seemed necessary and reasonable, since due to the dynamics of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of articles and regulations are being published very quickly at short notice.

          Results: The literature search resulted in the following number of hits in the databases listed below:

          • PubMed: 165 articles

          • Cochrane: 1 review and 35 studies

          • Web of Science: 217 articles

          • Robert Koch Institute: 49 articles

          Thus, a total of 467 hits were identified, with a total of 124 hits being duplicates. From these, 138 articles were considered relevant to the COVID-19 infection surveillance situation in Germany based on established criteria. After reading the full texts, 92 articles and websites were ultimately included in the scoping review.

          Discussion: Many of the lessons learned from previous outbreaks seem to have been implemented in the infection surveillance measures during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Most of the changes compared with previous measures were based on technological streamlining of existing procedures and changes and more inclusion of the population in different infection surveillance measures.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einleitung: Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Maßnahmen zur Infektionsüberwachung während der aktuellen COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland eingesetzt werden und wie sie sich von bereits bestehenden Ansätzen unterscheiden.

          Methoden: Entsprechend der systematischen Vorgehensweise eines Scoping Reviews wird eine Literaturrecherche in nationalen und internationalen medizinischen Literaturdatenbanken mittels Suchstring durchgeführt. Die Suche in den Datenbanken ist auf den Zeitraum vom 01.01.2000 bis zum 15.11.2020 begrenzt und anschließend per Handsuche bis zum 08.03.2021 ergänzt. Eine Handsuche, auch über den 15.11.2020 hinaus, erscheint notwendig und sinnvoll, da aufgrund der Dynamik der laufenden COVID-19-Pandemie sehr kurzfristig eine große Anzahl von Artikeln und Verordnungen veröffentlicht werden.

          Ergebnisse: Die Literaturrecherche hat die folgende Anzahl von Treffern in den unten aufgeführten Datenbanken ergeben:

          • PubMed: 165 Artikel

          • Cochrane: 1 Review und 35 Studien

          • Web of Science: 217 Artikel

          • Robert Koch-Institut: 49 Artikel

          Somit sind insgesamt 467 Treffer identifiziert worden, wobei insgesamt 124 Treffer Duplikate sind. Anhand festgelegter Kriterien werden 138 Artikel als relevant für die COVID-19-Infektionssurveillance in Deutschland eingestuft, und nach dem Lesen der Volltexte schließlich 92 Artikel und Webseiten in den Scoping Review aufgenommen.

          Diskussion: Viele der Maßnahmen, die aufgrund früherer Ausbruchsgeschehen bekannt sind, scheinen auch bei der jetzigen Infektionsüberwachung während der laufenden COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland umgesetzt worden zu sein. Die meisten Änderungen im Vergleich zu früheren Maßnahmen betreffen technologische Neuerungen sowie eine stärkere Einbeziehung der Bevölkerung in die verschiedenen Maßnahmen zur Infektionsüberwachung.

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          Most cited references90

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          Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing

          The newly emergent human virus SARS-CoV-2 is resulting in high fatality rates and incapacitated health systems. Preventing further transmission is a priority. We analyzed key parameters of epidemic spread to estimate the contribution of different transmission routes and determine requirements for case isolation and contact-tracing needed to stop the epidemic. We conclude that viral spread is too fast to be contained by manual contact tracing, but could be controlled if this process was faster, more efficient and happened at scale. A contact-tracing App which builds a memory of proximity contacts and immediately notifies contacts of positive cases can achieve epidemic control if used by enough people. By targeting recommendations to only those at risk, epidemics could be contained without need for mass quarantines (‘lock-downs’) that are harmful to society. We discuss the ethical requirements for an intervention of this kind.
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            Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries

            The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed many social, economic, environmental and healthcare determinants of health. We applied an ensemble of 16 Bayesian models to vital statistics data to estimate the all-cause mortality effect of the pandemic for 21 industrialized countries. From mid-February through May 2020, 206,000 (95% credible interval, 178,100-231,000) more people died in these countries than would have had the pandemic not occurred. The number of excess deaths, excess deaths per 100,000 people and relative increase in deaths were similar between men and women in most countries. England and Wales and Spain experienced the largest effect: ~100 excess deaths per 100,000 people, equivalent to a 37% (30-44%) relative increase in England and Wales and 38% (31-45%) in Spain. Bulgaria, New Zealand, Slovakia, Australia, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Norway, Denmark and Finland experienced mortality changes that ranged from possible small declines to increases of 5% or less in either sex. The heterogeneous mortality effects of the COVID-19 pandemic reflect differences in how well countries have managed the pandemic and the resilience and preparedness of the health and social care system.
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              Monitoring Transmissibility and Mortality of COVID-19 in Europe

              Highlights • As of 10 March 2020, Italy has reported 9,172 COVID-19 cases with 463 deaths. • We reported real-time reproductive numbers (R(t))and case fatality rate in in selected European countries (Italy, France, Germany, and Spain) by 9 March 2020. • The R(t) was greater than 2 in the selected European countries, indicating the outbreak will continue.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2196-5226
                14 September 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : Doc27
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Reiner Schaumann, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, +49 551 3962090, Fax: +49 551 3962093, E-mail: reiner.schaumann@ 123456med.uni-goettingen.de
                Article
                dgkh000398 Doc27 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0003982
                10.3205/dgkh000398
                8495235
                34650903
                e894f7a9-c022-49fd-9ab4-2bfadee59997
                Copyright © 2021 Köster et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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                scoping review,outbreak,infection protection,public health,testing,contact tracing,application

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