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      Towards an Electronic Dog Nose: Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensor for Security and Safety

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          Abstract

          This review describes an “electronic dog nose” based on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor and an antigen–antibody interaction for security and safety. We have concentrated on developing appropriate sensor surfaces for the SPR sensor for practical use. The review covers different surface fabrications, which all include variations of a self-assembled monolayer containing oligo(ethylene glycol), dendrimer, and hydrophilic polymer. We have carried out detection of explosives using the sensor surfaces. For the SPR sensor to detect explosives, the vapor or particles of the target substances have to be dissolved in a liquid. Therefore, we also review the development of sampling processes for explosives, and a protocol for the measurement of explosives on the SPR sensor in the field. Additionally, sensing elements, which have the potential to be applied for the electronic dog nose, are described.

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          Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species.

          Jiří Homola (2008)
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            A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel.

            T. Miyata, N ASAMI, T Uragami (1999)
            Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to external stimuli such as pH, temperature and solvent composition have potential applications in biomedicine and the creation of 'intelligent' materials systems, for example as media for drug delivery, separation processes and protein immobilization. Hydrogels have been reported that respond to pH, temperature, electric fields and saccharides. For some biomedical applications it would be very useful to have a material whose swelling response was dictated by a specific protein. Here we report such a material, which swells reversibly in a buffer solution in response to a specific antigen. The hydrogel was prepared by grafting the antigen and corresponding antibody to the polymer network, so that binding between the two introduces crosslinks in the network. Competitive binding of the free antigen triggers a change in gel volume owing to breaking of these non-covalent crosslinks. In addition, we show that the hydrogel displays shape-memory behaviour, and that stepwise changes in antigen concentration can induce pulsatile permeation of a protein through the network.
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              Gold nanoparticle based label-free SERS probe for ultrasensitive and selective detection of trinitrotoluene.

              Samuel Dasary, Anant Kumar Singh, Dulal Senapati … (2009)
              TNT is one of the most commonly used nitro aromatic explosives used for landmine and military purpose. Due to the significant detrimental effects, contamination of soil and groundwater with TNT is the major concern. Driven by the need to detect trace amounts of TNT from environmental samples, this article demonstrates for the first time a highly selective and ultra sensitive, cysteine modified gold nanoparticle based label-free surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) probe, for TNT recognition in 2 pico molar (pM) level in aqueous solution. Due to the formation of Meisenheimer complex between TNT and cysteine, gold nanoparticles undergo aggregation in the presence of TNT via electrostatic interaction between Meisenheimer complex bound gold nanoparticle and cysteine modified gold nanoparticle. As a result, it formed several hot spots and provided a significant enhancement of the Raman signal intensity by 9 orders of magnitude through electromagnetic field enhancements. A detailed mechanism for termendous SERS intensity change has been discussed. Our experimental results show that TNT can be detected quickly and accurately without any dye tagging in lower pM level with excellent discrimination against other nitro compounds and heavy metals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: September 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 September 2014
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 16586-16616
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mail: toko@ 123456ed.kyushu-u.ac.jp
                [2 ] Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: onodera@ 123456ed.kyushu-u.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-92-802-3722; Fax: +81-92-802-3770.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-14-16586
                DOI: 10.3390/s140916586
                PMC ID: 4208188
                PubMed ID: 25198004
                SO-VID: e8a6712f-9f1e-4236-aa5d-ad6be21b4148
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 May 2014
                Date revision received : 31 July 2014
                Date accepted : 29 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: electronic dog nose,surface plasmon resonance,immunosensor,antibody,explosives,security and safety
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: electronic dog nose, surface plasmon resonance, immunosensor, antibody, explosives, security and safety

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