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      The Effect of Lithospermum officinale, Silver Sulfadiazine and Alpha Ointments in Healing of Burn Wound Injuries in Rat

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          Burn is the most devastating condition in emergency medicine leading to chronic disabilities. This study aimed to compare the effect of Lithospermum officinale, silver sulfadiazine and alpha ointments on healing of burn wounds in rat.

          METHODS

          Ninety-five rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 just underwent burn injury, and groups 2-5 received alpha ointment, silver sulfadiazine (SSD), gel base and L. officinale extract, respectively. A hot plate was used for induction of a standard 3 rd degree burn wound. Burn wounds were macroscopically and microscopically evaluated on days 7 th, 14 th and 21 st after burn induction.

          RESULTS

          A decrease in the number of inflammatory cells was noted when L. officinale and SSD were applied while the most inflammatory response was seen after administration of alpha ointment. The number of macrophages alone decreased after burn injury, while the frequency was the most when L. officinale and alpha ointment were applied. Re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and formation of granulation tissue were the best in relation to L. officinale and alpha ointment while, the worst results belonged to burn injury group and SSD regarding granulation tissue formation. Considering histological assessment, the best results were observed for scoring of inflammation, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue and number of macrophage when L. officinale and alpha ointment were used after burn injury.

          CONCLUSION

          It can be concluded that topical application of L. officinale as a non-toxic, inexpensive and easy to produce herbal can lead to a rapid epithelialization and wound healing and these findings can be added to the literature on burn wound healing.

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          Oxidative stress and anti-oxidative mobilization in burn injury.

          Arti Parihar, Mordhwaj S Parihar, Stephen Milner … (2008)
          A severe burn is associated with release of inflammatory mediators which ultimately cause local and distant pathophysiological effects. Mediators including Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are increased in affected tissue, which are implicated in pathophysiological events observed in burn patients. The purpose of this article is to understand the role of oxidative stress in burns, in order to develop therapeutic strategies. All peer-reviewed, original and review articles published in the English language literature relevant to the topic of oxidative stress in burns in animals and human subjects were selected for this review and the possible roles of ROS and RNS in the pathophysiology of burns are discussed. Both increased xanthine oxidase and neutrophil activation appear to be the oxidant sources in burns. Free radicals have been found to have beneficial effects on antimicrobial action and wound healing. However following a burn, there is an enormous production of ROS which is harmful and implicated in inflammation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, immunosuppression, infection and sepsis, tissue damage and multiple organ failure. Thus clinical response to burn is dependent on the balance between production of free radicals and its detoxification. Supplementation of antioxidants in human and animal models has proven benefit in decreasing distant organ failure suggesting a cause and effect relationship. We conclude that oxidative damage is one of the mechanisms responsible for the local and distant pathophysiological events observed after burn, and therefore anti-oxidant therapy might be beneficial in minimizing injury in burned patients.
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            Histologic characterization of vaginal vs. abdominal surgical wound healing in a rabbit model.

            Yoram Abramov, Barbara Golden, Megan Sullivan … (2015)
            We aimed to compare the histologic characteristics of vaginal vs. abdominal surgical wound healing in the rabbit. Bilateral 6 mm full-thickness circular segments were excised from the vagina and abdominal skin in 34 New Zealand white female rabbits. Animals were euthanized on the day of and 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after wounding, and their wounds were evaluated using a modified scoring system. The inter- and intraobserver agreements of the scoring system were good (weighted kappa 0.63 and 0.71, respectively). A transient fibrinous crust was evident in 75% of the abdominal and in none of the vaginal wound specimens on days 4-7 after wounding (p=0.01). Acute inflammation peaked at day 4 in both the vaginal and abdominal wounds, while chronic inflammation peaked at days 4-7 and 14-21 in the abdomen and vagina, respectively. Both neovascularization and the amount of granulation tissue peaked at days 4 and 7 in the vagina and abdomen, respectively. Maturation of granulation tissue and collagen deposition increased persistently in both tissues until postwounding day 35. Reepithelialization increased after wounding, and was completed by day 14 in both tissues. The surgical wound-healing process in both the vagina and abdomen includes transient acute and chronic inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, and neovascularization, as well as progressive maturation of granulation tissue, reepithelialization, and collagen deposition. A transient fibrinous crust forms in the abdomen but not in the vagina 4-7 days after wounding. The modified histologic scoring system described here was found to be reliable and reproducible.
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              A survey on 30 months electrical burns in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Burn Hospital.

              Davood Mehrabani, A Seddigh, Z Kiani … (2008)
              Electrical burn is less common nowadays but still has complications and requires therapeutic interventions especially in developing countries. It occurs more in males and in industrial sites. The importance of electrical burn led us to study a 30 months history of electrical burn in Shiraz, Southern Iran. In a cross-sectional retrospective study, 1352 patients were surveyed for 30 months in relation to the cause, time, demographic information, therapeutic measures and prognosis of the electrical burn. Among burn patients, 4.73% were due to electrical burns (mean age, 30.5 years) and 95.3% were male. The mean hospitalization period was 11.5 days and the mean burn extent was 27.5%. Half of the victims were employees and 59.3% of the electrical burns occurred at their work site. 67.2% of burns were due to high voltage electrical current (more than 1000 V) and 4.6% of the patients died due to the direct cause of electrical burn. The high prevalence of electrical burn in males and workers emphasizes on the essence of standardization of occupational areas and use of trained workers to prevent electrical burns.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Plast Surg
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): World J Plast Surg
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJPS
                Title: World Journal of Plastic Surgery
                Publisher: Iranian Society for Plastic Surgeons (Tehran, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2228-7914
                ISSN (Electronic): 2252-0724
                Publication date (Print): September 2017
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 313-318
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran;
                [2 ]Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
                [4 ]Department of Genetics, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
                [5 ]Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
                [6 ]Minimal Invasive Laparascopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
                [7 ]Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
                [8 ]Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Co-Corresponding Authors: *Davood Mehrabani, PhD, Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Tel: +98-732341025, E-mail: mehrabad@sums.ac.ir, *Seyede Sara Hashemi, PhD, Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Tel: +98-71-36281563, E-mail: sara_hashemi@sums.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: wjps-6-313
                PMC ID: 5714976
                SO-VID: e8a6dbea-34a6-4b93-8ce6-fa90f8a34b1b
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 December 2016
                Date revision received : 5 June 2017
                Date accepted : 19 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: burn,lithospermum officinale,silver sulfadiazine,alpha ointment,wound healing,rat
                Data availability:
                Keywords: burn, lithospermum officinale, silver sulfadiazine, alpha ointment, wound healing, rat

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