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      A Shark Liver Gene-Derived Active Peptide Expressed in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori: Preliminary Studies for Oral Administration of the Recombinant Protein

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          Abstract

          Active peptide from shark liver (APSL) is a cytokine from Chiloscyllium plagiosum that can stimulate liver regeneration and protects the pancreas. To study the effect of orally administered recombinant APSL (rAPSL) on an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the APSL gene was cloned, and APSL was expressed in Bombyx mori N cells (BmN cells), silkworm larvae and silkworm pupae using the silkworm baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). It was demonstrated that rAPSL was able to significantly reduce the blood glucose level in mice with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The analysis of paraffin sections of mouse pancreatic tissues revealed that rAPSL could effectively protect mouse islets from streptozotocin-induced lesions. Compared with the powder prepared from normal silkworm pupae, the powder prepared from pupae expressing rAPSL exhibited greater protective effects, and these results suggest that rAPSL has potential uses as an oral drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the future.

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          Production of human beta interferon in insect cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector.

          Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) was used as an expression vector for human beta interferon. By using specially constructed plasmids, the protein-coding sequences for interferon were linked to the AcNPV promoter for the gene encoding for polyhedrin, the major occlusion protein. The interferon gene was inserted at various locations relative to the AcNPV polyhedrin transcriptional and translational signals, and the interferon-polyhedrin hybrid genes were transferred to infectious AcNPV expression vectors. Biologically active interferon was produced, and greater than 95% was secreted from infected insect cells. A maximum of ca. 5 X 10(6) U of interferon activity was produced by 10(6) infected cells. These results demonstrate that AcNPV should be suitable for use as a eucaryotic expression vector for the production of products from cloned genes.
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            Revealing the cost of Type II diabetes in Europe.

            'The Cost of Diabetes in Europe - Type II study' is the first coordinated attempt to measure total healthcare costs of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Europe. The study evaluated more than 7000 patients with Type II diabetes in eight countries -- Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. A bottom-up, prevalence-based design was used, which optimised the collection of data at the national level while maintaining maximum international comparability. Effort was made to ensure consistency in terms of data specification, data collection tools and methods, sampling design, and the analysis and reporting of results. Results are reported for individual countries and in aggregate for the total study population. The total direct medical costs of Type II diabetes in the eight European countries was estimated at EUR 29 billion a year (1999 values). The estimated average yearly cost per patient was EUR 2834 a year. Of these costs, hospitalisations accounted for the greatest proportion (55%, range 30-65%) totalling EUR 15.9 billion for the eight countries. During the 6-month evaluation period, 13% of the Type II diabetic patients were hospitalised, with an average of 23 days in hospital projected annually. In contrast, drug costs for managing Type II diabetes were relatively low, with antidiabetic drugs and insulin accounting for only 7% of the total healthcare costs for Type II diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is a common disease and the prevalence is expected to increase considerably in the future, especially in developing countries. Current comprehensive economic data on the costs of diabetes are required for policy decisions to optimise resource allocation and to evaluate different approaches for disease management.
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              Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the general assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mar Drugs
                Mar Drugs
                marinedrugs
                Marine Drugs
                MDPI
                1660-3397
                07 May 2013
                May 2013
                : 11
                : 5
                : 1492-1505
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; E-Mails: liuyunlong5566@ 123456163.com (Y.L.); carolynchency@ 123456163.com (Y.C.); cjqgqj@ 123456126.com (J.C.); zwpcc@ 123456126.com (W.Z.); csheng@ 123456zstu.edu.cn (Q.S.); chj1999@ 123456126.com (J.C.); mikkyu@ 123456163.com (W.Y.); wuxinzm@ 123456zstu.edu.cn (Z.N.); yaozhou@ 123456zstu.edu.cn (Y.Z.); wuwutong@ 123456gmail.com (W.W.)
                [2 ]School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China; E-Mail: gawlsv@ 123456163.com
                [3 ]Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore; E-Mails: obgiri@ 123456nus.edu.sg (I.R.I.); jun_li@ 123456nuhs.edu.sg (J.L.)
                [4 ]Agilent Technologies Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore 117681, Singapore; E-Mail: lovelyqianlian@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: zhengbingl@ 123456zstu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-18957138603; Fax: +86-0571-86843199.
                Article
                marinedrugs-11-01492
                10.3390/md11051492
                3707157
                23652883
                e8db7a38-1fff-4117-a23f-44e02a1c22a8
                © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 12 February 2013
                : 26 April 2013
                : 28 April 2013
                Categories
                Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                active peptide from shark liver,bombyx mori pupae,bmnpv/bac-to-bac baculovirus expression system,type 2 diabetes mellitus,oral administration

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