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      Is orbital volume associated with eyeball and visual cortex volume in humans?

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      Journal: Annals of Human Biology
      Publisher: Informa UK Limited

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          Abstract

          In humans orbital volume increases linearly with absolute latitude. Scaling across mammals between visual system components suggests that these larger orbits should translate into larger eyes and visual cortices in high latitude humans. Larger eyes at high latitudes may be required to maintain adequate visual acuity and enhance visual sensitivity under lower light levels.

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          Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Cytoarchitecture

          Bruce Fischl, Niranjini Rajendran, Evelina Busa … (2007)
          The human cerebral cortex is made up of a mosaic of structural areas, frequently referred to as Brodmann areas (BAs). Despite the widespread use of cortical folding patterns to perform ad hoc estimations of the locations of the BAs, little is understood regarding 1) how variable the position of a given BA is with respect to the folds, 2) whether the location of some BAs is more variable than others, and 3) whether the variability is related to the level of a BA in a putative cortical hierarchy. We use whole-brain histology of 10 postmortem human brains and surface-based analysis to test how well the folds predict the locations of the BAs. We show that higher order cortical areas exhibit more variability than primary and secondary areas and that the folds are much better predictors of the BAs than had been previously thought. These results further highlight the significance of cortical folding patterns and suggest a common mechanism for the development of the folds and the cytoarchitectonic fields.
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            Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney.

            Seang-Mei Saw, Ian Morgan, Paul Mitchell … (2008)
            To compare the prevalence and risk factors for myopia in 6- and 7-year-old children of Chinese ethnicity in Sydney and Singapore. Two cross-sectional samples of age- and ethnicity-matched primary school children participated: 124 from the Sydney Myopia Study and 628 from the Singapore Cohort Study on the Risk Factors for Myopia. Cycloplegic autorefraction was used to determine myopia prevalence (spherical equivalent < or = -0.5 diopter). Lifestyle activities were ascertained by questionnaire. The prevalence of myopia in 6- and 7-year-old children of Chinese ethnicity was significantly lower in Sydney (3.3%) than in Singapore (29.1%) (P < .001). The prevalence of myopia in 1 or more parents was 68% in Sydney and 71% in Singapore. Children in Sydney read more books per week (P < .001) and did more total near-work activity (P = .002). Children in Sydney spent more time on outdoor activities (13.75 vs 3.05 hours per week; P < .001), which was the most significant factor associated with the differences in the prevalence of myopia between the 2 sites. The lower prevalence of myopia in Sydney was associated with increased hours of outdoor activities. We hypothesize that another factor contributing to the differences in the prevalence of myopia may be the early educational pressures found in Singapore but not in Sydney.
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              Cortical magnification within human primary visual cortex correlates with acuity thresholds.

              M Boynton, Steven Duncan (2003)
              We measured linear cortical magnification factors in V1 with fMRI, and we measured visual acuity (Vernier and grating) in the same observers. The cortical representation of both Vernier and grating acuity thresholds in V1 was found to be roughly constant across all eccentricities. We also found a within-observer correlation between cortical magnification and Vernier acuity, further supporting claims that Vernier acuity is limited by cortical magnification in V1.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annals of Human Biology
                Abbreviated Title: Annals of Human Biology
                Publisher: Informa UK Limited
                ISSN (Print): 0301-4460
                ISSN (Electronic): 1464-5033
                Publication date Created: July 05 2013
                Publication date Created: November 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): July 23 2013
                Publication date (Print): November 2013
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 531-540
                Article
                DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.815272
                PMC ID: 3836230
                PubMed ID: 23879766
                SO-VID: e9051b98-14cd-4719-a5b2-0d9eb84cb5a5
                Copyright © © 2013
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