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      Carbon sequestration by Australian tidal marshes

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          Abstract

          Australia’s tidal marshes have suffered significant losses but their recently recognised importance in CO 2 sequestration is creating opportunities for their protection and restoration. We compiled all available data on soil organic carbon (OC) storage in Australia’s tidal marshes (323 cores). OC stocks in the surface 1 m averaged 165.41 (SE 6.96) Mg OC ha −1 (range 14–963 Mg OC ha −1). The mean OC accumulation rate was 0.55 ± 0.02 Mg OC ha −1 yr −1. Geomorphology was the most important predictor of OC stocks, with fluvial sites having twice the stock of OC as seaward sites. Australia’s 1.4 million hectares of tidal marshes contain an estimated 212 million tonnes of OC in the surface 1 m, with a potential CO 2-equivalent value of $USD7.19 billion. Annual sequestration is 0.75 Tg OC yr −1, with a CO 2-equivalent value of $USD28.02 million per annum. This study provides the most comprehensive estimates of tidal marsh blue carbon in Australia, and illustrates their importance in climate change mitigation and adaptation, acting as CO 2 sinks and buffering the impacts of rising sea level. We outline potential further development of carbon offset schemes to restore the sequestration capacity and other ecosystem services provided by Australia tidal marshes.

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          Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss.

          Linda A. Deegan, David Samuel Johnson, R. Scott Warren … (2012)
          Salt marshes are highly productive coastal wetlands that provide important ecosystem services such as storm protection for coastal cities, nutrient removal and carbon sequestration. Despite protective measures, however, worldwide losses of these ecosystems have accelerated in recent decades. Here we present data from a nine-year whole-ecosystem nutrient-enrichment experiment. Our study demonstrates that nutrient enrichment, a global problem for coastal ecosystems, can be a driver of salt marsh loss. We show that nutrient levels commonly associated with coastal eutrophication increased above-ground leaf biomass, decreased the dense, below-ground biomass of bank-stabilizing roots, and increased microbial decomposition of organic matter. Alterations in these key ecosystem properties reduced geomorphic stability, resulting in creek-bank collapse with significant areas of creek-bank marsh converted to unvegetated mud. This pattern of marsh loss parallels observations for anthropogenically nutrient-enriched marshes worldwide, with creek-edge and bay-edge marsh evolving into mudflats and wider creeks. Our work suggests that current nutrient loading rates to many coastal ecosystems have overwhelmed the capacity of marshes to remove nitrogen without deleterious effects. Projected increases in nitrogen flux to the coast, related to increased fertilizer use required to feed an expanding human population, may rapidly result in a coastal landscape with less marsh, which would reduce the capacity of coastal regions to provide important ecological and economic services.
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            Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level

            Matthew L. Kirwan, Glenn Guntenspergen, Andrea D'Alpaos … (2011)
            Article 0 comments Cited 207 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems.

              K Bromberg Gedan, B Silliman, M Bertness (2009)
              Salt marshes are among the most abundant, fertile, and accessible coastal habitats on earth, and they provide more ecosystem services to coastal populations than any other environment. Since the Middle Ages, humans have manipulated salt marshes at a grand scale, altering species composition, distribution, and ecosystem function. Here, we review historic and contemporary human activities in marsh ecosystems--exploitation of plant products; conversion to farmland, salt works, and urban land; introduction of non-native species; alteration of coastal hydrology; and metal and nutrient pollution. Unexpectedly, diverse types of impacts can have a similar consequence, turning salt marsh food webs upside down, dramatically increasing top down control. Of the various impacts, invasive species, runaway consumer effects, and sea level rise represent the greatest threats to salt marsh ecosystems. We conclude that the best way to protect salt marshes and the services they provide is through the integrated approach of ecosystem-based management.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 44071
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology , 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
                [2 ]Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney , 2007 Australia
                [3 ]Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
                [4 ]School of Science & Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
                [5 ]UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA, Australia
                [6 ]Department of Watershed Sciences and The Ecology Center, Utah State University , Logan, UT 84322 USA
                [7 ]Global Change Institute, University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
                [8 ]Woods Hole Research Center , 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth MA 02540, USA
                [9 ]CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PMB2 , Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
                [10 ]Australian Rivers Institute – Coast & Estuaries, and School of Environment, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University , Queensland, 4222 Australia
                [11 ]King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) , Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
                [12 ]Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Blanes 17300, Spain
                [13 ]CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere Flagship, Ecosciences Precinct , Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
                [14 ]The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia QLD 4072.
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: srep44071
                DOI: 10.1038/srep44071
                PMC ID: 5345033
                PubMed ID: 28281574
                SO-VID: e90752c2-7234-43a6-9745-027667342d83
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 25 October 2016
                Date accepted : 01 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

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