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      Validity assessment of the symptom checklist SCL-90-R and shortened versions for the general population in Ukraine

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          Abstract

          Background

          The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) is a widely used symptomatic distress questionnaire. A translated version of the SCL-90-R has been applied in Ukrainian general population surveys several times but has not yet been validated in this country. The SCL-90-R and its short versions (BSI-53, SCL-27, BSI-18, SCL-14 and SCL-9-K) were investigated in order to comparatively assess their properties and applications in Ukraine.

          Methods

          Secondary analysis of three nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (1997, 1999 and 2014) using SCL-90-R was applied. Two thousand sixty nine respondents participated in 2014; the sample size for the 1997 and 1999 surveys was 1810 respondents per wave. Statistical data analysis is based on calculating internal consistencies with Cronbach’s Alpha, confirmatory factor analysis, nonparametric correlations and effect sizes for the equivalence of the full and short versions.

          Results

          The scales of SCL-90-R and its shortened versions showed equally high internal consistencies. With regard to factorial validity, 2014 data confirmed the dimensional structure of all versions. Unsatisfactory results were found in 1997 and 1999 for SCL-90-R and in 1997 for SCL-27, based on the Chi-square criterion ( χ2/degrees of freedom > 5), though other indexes suggested satisfactory model fit (RMSEA < 0.06; CFI, TLI > 0.95). Analysis of the equivalence of shortened and full versions of the SCL-90-R has shown the presence of small effect sizes.

          Conclusion

          BSI-18 and SCL-9-K are recommended for use in general population surveys as more economical versions of SCL-90-R. Both versions revealed satisfactory validity in 1997, 1999 and 2014.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1014-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references33

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          The SCL-90 and the MMPI: a step in the validation of a new self-report scale.

          The present investigation was intended principally as a concurrent validation study for a new self-report symptom inventory: the SCL-90. A sample of 209 'symptomatic volunteers' served as subjects and were administered both the SCL-90 and the MMPI prior to participation in clinical therapeutic drug trials. The MMPI was scored for the Wiggins content scales and the Tryon cluster scales in addition to the standard clinical scales. Comparisons of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 with the set of MMPI scales reflected very high convergent validity for the SCL-90. Peak correlations were observed with like constructs on eight of the nine scales, with secondary patterns of correlations showing high interpretative consistency.
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            The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): a German validation study.

            The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.
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              The SCL-90 and SCL-90R versions validated by item response models in a Danish community sample.

              To evaluate the internal validity of the subscales of the combined SCL-90 and SCL-90R, the SCL-92, by item response analyses as compared with several previously reported factor analyses of this questionnaire in the literature. The SCL-92 questionnaire was mailed to an age- and gender-stratified random sample of Danish citizens. The sample comprised 2040 individuals. The internal structure of the nine factors of the SCL-92 questionnaire was evaluated by Mokken-Loevinger analysis and Rasch analysis. In total, 1153 persons or 58% returned the questionnaire fully completed. Mokken analysis found all scales apart from the psychoticism scale acceptable. The Rasch analysis found most of the subscales to be robust. Minor problems were seen for the scales of phobic anxiety, obsession-compulsion and depression. Analysis of the Global Severity Index showed that the Rasch model was rejected for the full 92-item scale, but not for a scale consisting of the 63 items from the non-psychotic subscales. Spearman correlations among the subscales were all positive (range 0.34-0.79) and so were correlations between each of the subscales and the Global Severity Index (range 0.55-0.91). In this sample from the Danish general population the non-psychotic subscales, i.e. the subscales covering psychological distress were observed to function well. In a general population sample, the 63 non-psychotic items primarily appear to reflect one broad dimension of distress.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yulia.v.sereda@gmail.com
                serg_dem@meta.ua
                Journal
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-244X
                26 August 2016
                26 August 2016
                2016
                : 16
                : 1
                : 300
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Senior Scientific Associate, Department for Monitoring of Social and Economic Transformations, Institute for Economics and Forecasting, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
                [2 ]Senior Scientific Associate, Department of Methodology and Methods of Sociology, Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
                Article
                1014
                10.1186/s12888-016-1014-3
                5000449
                27561313
                e95647c8-4221-4ea8-9656-87068b299a24
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 21 January 2016
                : 18 August 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000061, Fogarty International Center;
                Award ID: D43TW000233
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004742, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine;
                Award ID: 0114U003415
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                scl-90-r,short versions,mental disorders,symptomatic distress,self-report questionnaire

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