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      Politics in the hot zone: Aids and national security in Africa

      Third World Quarterly
      Informa UK Limited

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          War and Change in World Politics

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            Rival States, Rival Firms

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              Biological warfare. A historical perspective.

              The deliberate use of microorganisms and toxins as weapons has been attempted throughout history. Biological warfare has evolved from the crude use of cadavers to contaminate water supplies to the development of specialized munitions for battlefield and covert use. The modern development of biological agents as weapons has paralleled advances in basic and applied microbiology. These include the identification of virulent pathogens suitable for aerosol delivery and industrial-scale fermentation processes to produce large quantities of pathogens and toxins. The history of biological warfare is difficult to assess because of a number of confounding factors. These include difficulties in verification of alleged or attempted biological attacks, the use of allegations of biological attacks for propaganda purposes, the paucity of pertinent microbiological or epidemiologic data, and the incidence of naturally occurring endemic or epidemic diseases during hostilities. Biological warfare has been renounced by 140 nations, primarily for strategic and other pragmatic reasons. International diplomatic efforts, including the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, have not been entirely effective in preventing the enhancement and proliferation of offensive biological warfare programs. The threats posed by biological weapons are likely to continue into the future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Third World Quarterly
                Third World Quarterly
                Informa UK Limited
                0143-6597
                1360-2241
                August 25 2010
                August 25 2010
                : 23
                : 2
                : 333-350
                Article
                10.1080/01436590220126676
                e96bf95a-10dc-441c-80c2-23949c14beb4
                © 2010
                History

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