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      On the generation and function of conscious sequence knowledge

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          Abstract

          Es besteht weitgehend Einigkeit darüber, dass inzidentelles Lernen bewusstes Wissen über eine sequenziell strukturierte Regelhaftigkeit erzeugen kann, auch wenn die zu Grunde liegenden Lernprozesse nur ungenügend verstanden sind. Ob jedoch Sequenzlernen auch „implizit“ oder unbewusst erfolgen kann, ist umstritten. Fortschritte in diese Frage sind von Untersuchungen zu bewusstem und unbewusstem Lernen zu erwarten, die vor dem Hintergrund übergreifender Bewusstseinstheorien erfolgen. Rünger und Frensch (2008a) zeigen, wie „bewusstes Sequenzwissen“ in Rückgriff auf die „global workspace“-Theorie des Bewusstseins definiert und operationalisiert werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Theorie wird „inferenzielle Promiskuität“ als zentrales funktionales Merkmal bewusster mentaler Repräsentationen betrachtet. Rünger und Frensch (2008b) überprüfen eine zentrale Vorhersage der „unexpected event“-Hypothese, einer Theorie zur Entstehung bewussten Wissens in inzidentellen Lernsituationen. In einer Serie von Experimenten wurden unerwartete Ereignisse durch Unterbrechungen des inzidentellen Lernprozesses experimentell induziert. In Übereinstimmung mit der „unexpected event“-Hypothese fanden die Autoren, dass sich die Verfügbarkeit bewussten Sequenzwissens erhöhte. Rünger, Nagy und Frensch (in Druck) untersuchen schließlich die Funktion bewussten Sequenzwissens im Kontext eines Rekognitionstests. Die empirischen Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass bewusstes Sequenzwissen die epistemische Grundlage für rationale Urteile im Gegensatz zu intuitiven oder heuristischen Urteilen darstellt.

          Abstract

          There is a general consensus that incidental learning can produce conscious knowledge about a hidden sequential regularity, even though the underlying learning mechanisms are still poorly understood. By contrast, whether sequence learning can also be “implicit” or nonconscious is a matter of intense debate. Progress can be achieved by grounding research on conscious and nonconscious learning in larger theoretical frameworks of consciousness. Rünger and Frensch (2008a) show how “conscious sequence knowledge” can be defined and operationalized in reference to global workspace theory of consciousness that depicts “inferential promiscuity” as the functional hallmark of conscious mental representations. Rünger and Frensch (2008b) test a central prediction of the unexpected-event hypothesis — a theoretical account of the generation of conscious knowledge in incidental learning situations. In a series of experiments, unexpected events were induced experimentally by disrupting the incidental learning process. In line with the unexpected-event hypothesis, the authors observed an increased availability of conscious sequence knowledge. Finally, Rünger, Nagy, and Frensch (in press) explore the function of conscious sequence knowledge in the context of a sequence recognition test. The empirical results suggest that conscious sequence knowledge provides the epistemic basis for reasoned — as opposed to intuitive or heuristic — judgments.

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          The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing.

          An analysis of response latencies shows that when an image is presented to the visual system, neuronal activity is rapidly routed to a large number of visual areas. However, the activity of cortical neurons is not determined by this feedforward sweep alone. Horizontal connections within areas, and higher areas providing feedback, result in dynamic changes in tuning. The differences between feedforward and recurrent processing could prove pivotal in understanding the distinctions between attentive and pre-attentive vision as well as between conscious and unconscious vision. The feedforward sweep rapidly groups feature constellations that are hardwired in the visual brain, yet is probably incapable of yielding visual awareness; in many cases, recurrent processing is necessary before the features of an object are attentively grouped and the stimulus can enter consciousness.
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            Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures

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              Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy.

              Of the many brain events evoked by a visual stimulus, which are specifically associated with conscious perception, and which merely reflect non-conscious processing? Several recent neuroimaging studies have contrasted conscious and non-conscious visual processing, but their results appear inconsistent. Some support a correlation of conscious perception with early occipital events, others with late parieto-frontal activity. Here we attempt to make sense of these dissenting results. On the basis of the global neuronal workspace hypothesis, we propose a taxonomy that distinguishes between vigilance and access to conscious report, as well as between subliminal, preconscious and conscious processing. We suggest that these distinctions map onto different neural mechanisms, and that conscious perception is systematically associated with surges of parieto-frontal activity causing top-down amplification.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                12 December 2008
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:29416
                e982eccd-969a-4f2c-bed4-8136d1158c2c
                History

                Psychologie,Sequenzlernen,Bewusstsein,unerwartetes Ereignis,Rekognition,sequence learning,consciousness,unexpected event,recognition

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